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WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreprodiictions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


I 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  at  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 

D 
□ 
D 
D 

a 
n 
a 


D 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvertura  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couvctcture  restaurde  et/ou  peiitculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  do  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  da  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relii  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieire 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peu;  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutAes 
lors  dune  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
maia,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentairas  supplimentaires: 


L'Ir.stitut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  etA  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cat  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 

Q'  Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

r~lt    Pages  damaged/ 
IxlJ    Pages  endommag^es 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Pages  restaurees  et/ou  pellicul^es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^color^es,  tdchet^es  ou  piquees 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  detachees 

SShowthrough/ 
Transparence 

□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  inigale  de  I'lmpression 

□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  mattiriei  suppl^mentaire 

□    Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponibU 


D 


disponible 

Pages  whc!ly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'arrata,  une  pelure, 
ate.  cnt  m  film^es  A  nouveau  de  facon  i 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 
Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 
10X  14X  18X 


22X 


y 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


30X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


Th«  copy  filmed  hera  has  baan  rnoroducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Library 
Agriculture  Canada 


L'axamp^aira  film*  fut  reproduit  grSca  i  la 
ginirositi  da: 

Bibiioth^ue 
Adriculture  Canada 


Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  are  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  conaidartng  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  l<eaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacifications. 


Laa  imagas  tuivantaa  ont  M  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattst«  d««  I'axamplaira  film*,  at  an 
eonformiti  avac  laa  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  covam  ara  filmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  ending  on 
tha  last  page  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  imprea^ 
sion,  or  tha  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copiea  ara  filmed  beginning  on  the 
firs'j  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  imprea- 
sion.  and  ending  on  the  laat  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contam  the  symbol  —4^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Las  axemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couvarture  an 
papier  eat  imprim^e  sont  fllmis  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
derniAra  page  qui  comporte  une  amprainta 
d'Impraasion  ou  d'lliustration.  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  lea  autraa  axemplaires 
originaux  sont  fllmte  an  commandant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  amprainta 
d'Impraaaion  ou  d'lliustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
emprainte. 

Un  dea  symbolea  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
domiire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  salon  le 
caa:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  ▼  signifie  'FIN '. 


Mapa,  plati«8,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratloa.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  expoaure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diagraiiTia  illuatrate  the 
method: 


Lea  cartea,  planches,  tableaux,  ate,  pauvent  dtra 
filmte  A  dea  taux  de  reduction  diff«renta. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtra 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich*.  il  eat  film*  i  partir 
de  I'angle  sup4rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  4  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  baa,  en  pranant  le  nombre 
d'imagea  nAcassaira.  Laa  diagrammee  suivants 
illuatrent  la  m*thode. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

J' 


r-..l 


1/ 


SYNOPSIS 


OF 


THL    LICHENES 


J' 


i^"^ms^'^m^^. 


^^  %A/L  K/M^<^c(rtcn^ 


y3ellei)-t^i 


^/i?ar*/<7 


HOyAL   DOTANICAL  SOCIETV   OP   KATISBON. 


CAMBRIDGE  : 
GEORGE    NICHOLS, 

UDOKSELLER  TO  THB  UNIVERSITY. 

1848. 


r^. 


OF  NEA 


FBLLI 


^    Ct 


»/ 


A 


SYNOPSIS 


OF 


THE    LICHENES 


^OF  NEW  ENGLAND,  THE  OTHER  NORTHERN  STATES, 


AND  BRITISH  AMERICA. 


BY  EDWARD  TUCKERMAN,  A.M. 

FELLOW  OP  THE  AMERICAN  ACADEMY  OP  ARTS   AND  SCIENCES;   CORRESPONDINO 

MEMBER  OP  THE   BOTANICAL  SOCIETY  OP  EDINBURGH,    AND   OP  THE 

ROYAL   BOTANICAL  SOCIETY  OP  RATISBON. 


CAMBRIDGE  : 
GEORGE    NICHOLS, 

aOOKSELLER  TO  THE  UNIVERSITY. 

1848. 


.# 


I 

I 

4 


CAMBRIDGE; 

M  E  T  C  A  L  r      AND     COMPANY, 

PIIINTERS  TO  TUB  UMVBRSIly. 


The 

'relations 
itory,  rec 

upstates,  ai 
j)orhaps, 
ohscfvati 
work  is 
to  the  h 
iny  obje( 

; the    nece 

''[  search. 
Europcea 

■  and  gene 
only  occi 
the  Lichi 
almost  th 
The  exc 
I  which  the 
f  neglected 

-      '  The  lat 
J  cipally  tli08( 


if 


PREFACE. 


The  study  of  any  group  of  plants,  with  a  view  to  the  true 
■elations  of  the  species  brought  together  in  it,  and  their  real  his- 
Itory,  requires  the   investigation  of  a  great  number  of  individual 
|states,  and  this  often  through  a  series  of  years.     And  there  is, 
Ipcrhaps,  no  family  of  plants  in  which  extensive  and  continuous 
iobservation  is  more  important  than  in  the  Lichenes.     The  present 
fwork  is  prepared,  therefore,  only  as  an  Index  and  Introduction 
to   the  history  of  the   plants  described  in  it ;   and  it  has   been 
my  object  rather  to  state  results  of  foreign  study,  than  to  offer 
the    necessarily   imperfect    conclusions   of  my   own   limited    re- 
search.    Use  has  constantly  been  made  of  the  Lichenograplda 
Europcsa  Reformata  of  Fries,  whose  characters  of  the  sections 
land  genera  I  have,  for  the   most  part,  adopted  entire,  or  with 
only  occasional  amplification  ;   and   the  profound  descriptions  of 
the  Lichenographia,  as  here  applied   to  our  species,   constitute 
almost  the  whole  descriptive  value  of  the   present  enumeration. 
The  exceptions  to  this  will,  I  hope,  meet  with  the   indulgence 
which  the  extreme  difficulty  of  any  inquiries  in  a  field  as  much 
f  neglected  as  this  has  been,  among  us,  seems  to  demand.* 


"  The  later  works  of  Fries  Imve  also  been  consulted,  and,  beside  these,  prin- 
cipally those  of  Turner  &  Uorrer,  Eschweiler,  and  Scha;rer,  and,  for  American 


54837 


IV 


PREFACE. 


The   geographical   limits   of  the    work   include   the   countrio- 
generally  north  of  40^  N.  lat.  ;  but  only  occasional  reference  h,- 
been  made  to  those  regions  of  Arctic  America  which  do  noi 
belong  to   the    British  possessions,   and    I   have  had,  also,  les^ 
regard  to  the  extreme  southern  boundary,  which  is  everywhere 
characterized  by  the  appearance  of  southern  species.     The  great- 
er, or  more  northern,  portion  of  this  district  is  naturally  distinct 
and  similar  throughout,  and  its  Lichenose  veg'^tation  seems,  in- 
deed,  almost  represented  by  that  of  New  England  alone.     It  i. 
probable,   however,   that  a   large  proportion  of  the  species   in- 
habiting any  part  of  the  district,  if  we  except  its  southwestem 
extremity,  are  described  here. 

For  the  particular  citations  of  New  York  Lichens,  my  princi- 
pal authorities  have  been  the  Catalogue  of  the  Plants  of  Mw  York 
of  Dr.  Torrey,  1819,  and  the  Synoptical  View  of  the  Lichens  oj 
Mw  York  by  Mr.  Halsey,  1824.     For  citations  of  species  from 
Pennsylvania,  &c.,  besides  Dillenius  (as  revised  in  Fries's  fndex 
Dillenianus)  I  have  been  almost  wholly  indebted  to  the  Cataloga. 
of  the  Plants  of  Morth  America  of  Muhlenberg,  1818,  and  his 
specimens  now  existing  in  that  part  of  the  herbarium  of  Acharius 
which  is  at  Upsal,  as  well  as  in  the  herbaria  of  Willdenow  and 
Floerke  at  Berlin.     For  the  Canadian  and  Newfoundland  Lichens. 
I  have  availed  myself  of  those  described  in  the   Flora  of  Ml- 
chaux,  as  compared  with  the  specimens  in  his  herbarium  at  Paris, 
the  species  enumerated  by  Mr.  De  la  Pylaie  in  his  Voyage  a  Vlh 


species  chiefly,  the  Synopsis  and  the  Lichenographia  of  Acharius.  The  termi- 
nology is  wholly  that  of  Fries,  and  its  peculiarity  will  be  found  mostly  to  consist 
in  a  strict  etymological  use  of  the  whole  force  of  the  terms  he  employs.  These 
terms  are,  then,  possibly,  the  best  expressions  of  the  knowledge  they  contain,  and, 
in  this  view,  as  well  worth  studying  as  any  other  part  of  systematic  science,  tk 
design  of  wliich  is  to  teach,  not  current  names  for  its  objects,  but  their  history 


I 

de    Tfrrt 

Mr.  Des 

at  Berlin 

Baron  D 

heibariun 

Biinierous 

collection 

of  Parry, 

JEnumerat 

ardson,  ai 

The  late 

entire  set 

Coast  of 

The  gei 

fcis  family 

try  ;  hut  t 

have    enun 

tfie  end. 

The  pr( 
general  acl 
consideratii 
cannot  cor 
great  kindr 
liam  Borre 
much  respi 
liberal  assis 
not  have  be 
8t  whose  ii 

'  'vMRIUliriE 


PREFACE. 


e  the  countrie- 
al  reference  ljii> 
I  which  do  noi 
had,  also,  les< 
I  is  everywhere 
3S.  The  great- 
laturally  distinct 
tion  seems,  in- 
d  alone.  It  ii 
the  species  in- 
;s  southwesteni 

3ns,  my  princi- 
ts  ofJYew  York 

the  Lichens  oj 
if  species  frorn 
1  Fries 's  Index 
I  the  Catalogiu 

1818,  and  his 
m  of  Acharius 
^Villdenow  and 
Jland  Lichens. 
Flora  of  IMi- 
irium  at  Paris, 
Voyage  a  VIk 

ius.  The  terir.i- 
mostly  to  consist 
employs.  These 
hey  contain,  and, 
latic  science,  the 
JUt  their  history 


de    Terre-Muve,  and  the  specimens  of  those  collected  by  him, 
Wr.  Despreaux,  and  others,  preserved  in  the  Uoyal  Herbarium 
at  Fierlin,  in  that  of  Professor  Kunth,  and  in  those  of  the  late 
Baion  Delesseit  and  of  Dr.  Montagne,  at  Paris.      To  the  vast 
herbarium  of  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker   I   am  indebted,  not  only  for 
aumerous  Lichens  of  Canada  and  Newfoundland,  but  for  a  large 
collection  of  the  arctic  si)ecies  obtained  in  the  different  voyages 
of  Parry,  Franklin,  and  others  ;  and   to  these,  and   his  various 
Enumerations,  together  with  those  of  Mr.  Brown,  Sir  John  Ricn- 
•rdson,  and    Dr.  Greville,  I  owe  most  of  the  arctic  citations. 
The  late  venerable  Mr.  Menzies  also  favoured  me  with  a  nearly 
entire  set  of  the  Lichens    collected   by  him   on  the  Northwest 
Coast  of  America. 

The  genera  separated  from  Lichenes  by  Fries,  and  referred  to 
Us  family  BtjssacecB,  have  not  yet  been  fully  studied  in  this  coun- 
try  ;  but  these  plants  are  so  closely  related  to  Lichenes,  that  I 
have  enumerated  our  ascertained  species,  as  an  appendix,  at 
the  end. 

The  present  occasion  does  not  permit  me  to  offer  more  than 
general  acknowledgments  to  the  eminent  botanists  whose  kind 
consideration  has  encouraged  the  progress  of  this  work.  But  J 
cannot  conclude  it  without  expressing  my  indebtedness  to  the 
great  kindness  and  liberality  of  Sir  W.  .T.  Hooker,  and  of  Wil- 
liam Borrer,  Esq.,  the  learned  lichenographer  of  Britain;  to  my 
much  respected  friend.  Dr.  Klctzsch  of  Berlin,  without  whose 
liberal  assistance  in  the  study  of  the  Floerkean  herbarium  it  could 
not  l.ave  been  u..dertaken  ;  and  to  my  esteemed  friend  Dr.  Gray, 
at  wliose  instance  It  has  been  prepared. 

''^MRiMimR,    IM   Frhrunry,   1R|R. 


'  h 


Perennie 
ure,  wii.oli 
[sparidia) 
Tliallus 
the  coriicai 
thallus  ( the 
cernible  aft 
side  of  folia 
matrix,  in 
horizontal  1 
circumferer 
degenerate 
pressed  {sm 
filamentous 
Cladonia  ai 
the  primary 
kird  of  secc 
Lichenes  ai 
ly  green)  c 
surface  as  i 
gate  either 
expansions, 
uals  of  the 
I  globose  or  i 
I  otb-^r  elongu 
the  thalamih 


LICHENES. 


Perennial,  aerial  Algnc-,  vegetating  only  under  the  influence  of  loist- 
ure,  wi...h  IS  imbibed  by  the  whole  surface,  propagated  by  spores 
(sporidia),  and  also  by  the  cells  (gonidia)  of  the  green  layer 

Thallus  (universal  receptacle,  Ach.)  composed  of  three  layers,  viz.  • 
ihe  corUcal,  the  medullary,  and  yho  gonimous ;  evolved  from  a  hypo- 
thallus  (the  elementary  state  in  which  the  layers  are  confused,  and  dis- 
cern.ble  afterwards  as  cylindrical  cells,  and  also  as  fibres  on  the  under 
side  of  fohaceous  Lichenes,  and  forming  the  base,  closely  adnate  to  the 
matrix,  in  crustaceous  ones),  typically  horizontal  or  vertical.     The 
horizontal  thallus  is  either  crustaceous  (often  somewhat  lobed  at  th. 
circumference  or  squamulose),  ov  foliaceous  (becoming  sometimes  in 
degenerate  states  crustaceous).     The  vertical  thallus  is  either  com- 
pressed  [subfoliaceous),  or  terete  {fruticuhse)  ;  of  both  of  which  the 
Udamentous  thallus  and  the  pendulous  thallus  are   degenerations      In 
Cladonia  and  Stereocaulon  a  vertical  ihaWus  {podeiium)  arises  from 
the  primary  horizontal  thallus,  and  is  itself  often  besprinkled  with  a 
kird  of  secondary  horizontal  thallus  in  the  form  of  leaf-like  scales  — 
Lichenes  are  reproduced  in  two  ways;    1.  by  gonidia,  the  (normal- 
ly green)  cells  of  the  green  (gonimous)  layer,  which  appear  on  the 
surface  as  irregularly  shaped  powdery  masses  {soredia),  and  propa- 
gate  either  on  the  original  thallus,  forming  foliaceous  or  squamulose 
expansions,  or  external  to  the  original  thallus,  forming  new  Individ- 
uals  of  the  parent   thallus  ;    and  2.   by  sporidia,  consisting  of  sub- 
globose  or  elliptical    cells,  which  are   ehher  naked    or  contained    in 
oth.r  elongated  more  or  less  vertical  cells  {asci),  and  immersPd  in 
the  thalamhm  (or  fructification  proper),  and  propagate  new  Individ- 


u 


4  MCIIENKS    OF    HIE    NOUTHEKN    SXATKS 

uuls  of  the  species.     The   thalarniuin  is  either  rounded,  gelatinous- 

waxy,  and  the  asci  converging  {nudeiform) ;  or  flattened  at  length  into 

a  rigi.l,  persistent,  or  afterwards   collapsing  lamina  {suhdisciform) : 

or  originally  disciform  (open);  and  is  itself  contained  in    i  receptacle 

(exciple),  either  of  the  same  color  with  and  like  the  thalkis  {thalline 

exciple),  or  of  flitlbrent  color  and  nature  {proper  cvciple).     The  whole 

fructification  constitutes  the  apalhccium,  which  is  typically  round,  though 

also  occurring  normally  ohiong  and  linear  (Jirellaform),  and  is  either 

excavated  with  a  contracted  margin  {urceolale) ;  or  slightly  concave 

with  an  elevated  margin  {saUeUiform) ;  or  very  concave-scutelliform 

(ci/n/hijorm)  ;  or  very  concave-scutelliform  and  pervious  {infundibuU. 

form,  a  term  applied  also  to  the  pervious  cup-bearing  podetia  of  Cla- 

donia^) ;  or  goblet-shaped  and  stipitate  (cralcriform)  ;  or  dilated,  flat, 

and  without  prominent  margin  (pchaform,  of  which  the  reniform  is 

a  variation) ;  or  cor  ex  with   repressed    margin  (cephaJoid) ;  or  be- 

tween  scutelliform  and  pelta-form  {disciform)  •   or  between  scutelli- 

form  and  cephaloid  {fuherculate).     When  the  thalline  exciple  is  pro- 

longed   below  into  a  footstalk,  it  is  said  to  be  pedicellate;   a  proper 

exciple  in  like  manner  prolonged  is  said  to  be  stipitate.     When  the 

proper  exciple  is  originally  and  typically  closed,  the  apothecium  re- 

ceives  the  name  o?  peritherium.     In  the  Angiocarpi  several  thalamia 

are  sometimes  contained  in  the  sa.r.e  exciple  {composite  apothecia) ; 

and  in  the  Gymnocarpi,  in  like  manner,  several  disks  «re  sometimes 

confluent  {symphycarpeous  apothecia).      The  colors  of  the  thullus  in 

Lichenes  arc  disposed  by  Fries  in  four  scries  :  -  1.  from  pale  green 

becoming  ^ZflMcows ,.  2.  from  yellowish  green  becoming  ochroleucous ; 

;{.  from  dark   green  becoming  fuscous  or  olivaceous ;    4.  from  pale 

yellow.green  becoming  lemon-colored.     Each  series  has  its  peculiar 

variations.     The   glaucous   runs    into    pale    green,   cerulescent,   and 

white  ;    the  fuscous  into  dark  green,  olivaceous,  cinereous,  grayish- 

fuscous,  and  dark   chestnut ;    the   ochroleucous  into  yellowish  green 

and  albescent ;  the  lemon-oolored  into  pale  yellow,  orange-red^  and 

vermilion-red. 


.  A[)otheci 
becoming  s 
normally  p 
llapsed. 


,  Tribe  I. 
cave 
som( 

Subtribe 
pend 

1.    USNEA. 
ii.    EVERNI 

cotton) 
y.  Ram.ili 

the  sarr 
4.  Cetrar; 

Subtribe  2 

at  lei 

hypo 

i3.  Nepiiro: 

fi.  Peltige 

the  eloii 

7.    SoLORIN 

|fi.  Sticta. 
,       ored  spc 
,'9.  Paumeli 

phellte  I 
10.  Tiit;r,oTP 

rior  exci 
1.  (Jyalect 

margin  1 

Tribe  II. 
disk  c 


f'rs,  at 


"■'% 


cs 

ided,  gelatinous- 
led  at  length  into 
{suhdisciform) ; 

in  I  receptacle 
tlmllus  {t/udUne 
'e).  Tiie  whole 
iy  round, though 
i),  and  is  eitiier 
slightly  concave 
ave-scutelliform 
us  [infundibuli. 
podetia  of  Cla- 

or  dilated,  flat, 
the  reniform  is 
'laloid) ;  or  be- 
Jtween  scutelli- 

exciple  is  pro- 
Uale;  a  proper 
'.te.  When  the 
apothecium  re- 
3veral  thalamia 
nle  apothecia) ; 

ore  sometimes 
'  the  thai  I  us  in 
'om  pale  green 

ocliroleucous ; 

4.  from  pale 
ns  its  peculiar 
rulescent,  and 
eous,  grayish- 
:dlo\vish  green 
angc-rcd,  and 


AND    blUTISH    AMl.RICA. 


Synopsis  of  the  Genkka. 
Div.  I.     GYMiNOCARPI,   Schrader,  Fries. 


.  A[.otiiecia  open,  disciferous.  Thalamium  originally  disciform,  or 
becoming  so,  contained  in  a  thalline  e.xciple  or  a  proper  exciple  ;  disk 
normally  persistent,  ascigerous  ;  sometimes  originally  pulveran'euus- 
#)llapsed. 

i  Tribe  I.     I'ARMELIACE^,  Fr. -Apothecia  rounded,  f,-om  con- 

cave   becoming  explanate,  scutelliform,  rarely  peltate.      Disk 

somewhat  waxy,  persistent,  contained  in  a  thalline  exciple. 

Subtribe  1.  USNEE.E,  Eschw.  -  Disk  open.     Thallus  subvertical,  or 

pendulous-sarmentose,  centripetal,  without  apparent  hypothallus. 

f.  UsNEA.     Apothecia  peltate  ;  thallus  with  a  solid  medullary  layer. 

2.  EvERNiA.     Apothecia  scutelliform  ;    thallus   fistulous,  or  with  a 

,^       cottony  medullary  layer. 

|J.  Ramalina.     Apothecia  orbiculate-subpeltate  ;  disk  pale,  of  nearly 

;       the  same  color  with  the  thallus. 

4.  Cetraria.     Apothecia  scutellate-peltate,  oblique. 
Subtribe  2.  PARMEUEiE,  Eschw. -Disk  at  first  closed,  becoming 

at  length  discoid-open.     Thallus  horizontal,  centrifugal,  with  a 
hypothallus. 

5.  Nephroma.     Apothecia  reniform,  adnate  to  the  lobes  beneath. 
a  Peltigera.     Apothecia    pelta^form,  adnate  to  the  upper  side  of 

the  elongated  lobes. 
j7.  SoLORiNA.     Apothecia  adnate  to  the  disk  of  iho  thallus. 
Ifi.  Sticta.     Apothecia  scutelliform  ;  thallus  with  cynhelhe,  or  disco!- 

ored  spots,  on  the  under  side. 

9.  Paumelia.     Apothecia  scutelliform  ;  thallus  without  veins  or  cy- 
phellic  beneath. 

JO.  TiiELOTREMA.     Apothecia  urceolato-scutellifbrm,  a  discrete  intc 
I       nor  exciple  veiling  a  rigescent  disk. 

^11.  GvALECTA.     Apothecia  urceolate,  an  elevated  and  discrete  colored 
margin  bordering  a  nigrescent  disk. 

,;  Tribe  IT.     LECIDEACE.E,  Fr.     Apothecia  rounded,  a   persistent 
■i  <lisk  contanird  in  an  open  proper  exciple,  which  it  finally  cov- 

''rs,  and  becon.es  con>  jx,  cephaloid,  and  immarginate. 


6 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NOUTIIERN    STATES 


ly.  Sterkocaulon.     Apothecia  cephaloid  ;  podctia  mostly  solid. 

13.  Cladonia.     Apothecia  inflated  ;   podelia  fistulous. 

14.  B.EOMVCES,     Apothecia  capitate,  globose,  immarginate,  vclate. 

15.  BiATORA.     Apothecia  disciform,  solid,  with   a  waxy  (originall 

paler)  exciple. 

16.  Lecidea.     Apothecia  disciform,  solid,  with  a  carbonaceous,  blac, 

proper  exciple. 

Tribe  III.  GRAPHIDACE^,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  of  various  form 
an  altered  thalline  carbonaceous  proper  exciple,  or  an  orifrinall'. 
proper  exciple  margining  a  gyrose  and  proliferous-papillate,  c 
canaliculate  disk. 

17.  Umbilicaria.     Apothecia  orbiculate  or  lirelteform ;  thallus  folia' 

ceous. 

18.  Opegrapha.     Apothecia  lirelteforrn  ;  thallus  crustaceous. 

19.  Lecanactis.     Apothecia  irregular,  at  first  open,  with  a  pruinost 

thalline  veil. 

Tribe  IV.  CALICIACEvE,  Fr.  —  Apotliccia  orbiculate  or  globost 
always  open,  margined  by  a  proper  exciple,  the  disk  collapsl 
iiig  into  naked  sporidia  ;  or  immarginate,  and  the  sporidia  caJ 
pituliform-compact. 

20.  Trachylia.     Apothecia  sessile,  innate;  disk  ascigerous. 

21.  Calicium.     Apothecia  crateriform,  marginate. 

22.  CoNiocYiJE.     Apothecia  stipitate,  immarginate. 

Div.  II.     ANGIOCARPI,  Schrader,  Fries. 

Apothecia  closed,  nucleiferous,  pertuse  and  with  an  ostiole,  or  irref 
ularly  dehiscent ;  the  nucleus  included,  subglobose,  ascigerous. 

Tribe  I.     SPELIOROPIIORACE  J?.,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  formed  of  tl« 

intumescent  apices  of  the  thallus,  closed,  at  length  irregularh 
laccrate-dehiscent.    Nucleus  subglobose.     Thallus  vertical,  fn: 
ticulose. 
28.  Sph.kropuoron.     Apothecia  terminal,  spherical;   nucleus  black 

Tribe  II.  ENDOCARPACEvE,  Fr.  —Apothecia  immersed  in  tl. 
thallus,  globose,  the  thalline  exciple  attenuated  into  a  neck,  an; 
terminated  by  a  discrete  heterogeneous  papilliEform  ostiole 
Nucleus  deliquescent.  Thallus  horizontal,  foliaceous  or  cms 
taceous. 


24.  Endocai 

25.  Sagedia. 
9d.  Pkrtusai 

papillate 

Tribe   III. 
closed 
ostiole 
liques( 
'.  Conotre 
I.  Verruca: 
tuse  ostic 

Tribe  IV. 
naceoi 
Nuclei 

.  Pyrenoti 
cent  nucl 


Div. 


Apothecia  r 

lamcntous  m( 

IJs  cartilagine( 

tless  filamen 
lat  separate 
i  A  genus  ur 
10  or  other  ( 
|cs  extends  t 
|num.  1845,  v 
fiate  and  atte 
elevated,  ol 
fas  discovered 
;tected  elsevv 


^ 


:s 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


lostly  solid. 

'mate,  vclate. 
vaxy  (originall. 

)onaceous,  blaci 

f  various  fom 

or  an  original!; 

ous-papillate,  c 

•n ;  thallus  folia. 

aceous. 

with  a  pruinose 

jiate  or  globoiM^ 
lie  disk  collaps 
he  sporidia  ca^ 

erous. 


94.  Endocarpon.  Apothecia  pale,  included  in  the  foHaceous  thallus, 
3&.  Sagedia.  Apothecia  blackish,  immersed  in  the  crustaceous  thallus. 
96-  Pkrtusaria.     Apothecia  verruca;form,  with  one  or  more  blackish, 

;       papillate  ostiolcs. 

I  Tribe  III.      VERRUCARIACE^,  Fr.  —  Apothecia   rounded,  a 
closed  proper  exciple  (perithecium)  becoming  perfuse  with  an 
ostiole,  or  at  length  open.     Nucleus  gelatinous,  subhyaline,  de- 
liquescent.    Thallus  crustaceous. 
W.  CoNOTREMA.     Pcrithecia  at  length  open  ;  nucleus  subdisciform. 
|B.  Verrucaria.     Perithecia  closed,  with  a  papilla;form  or  simply  per- 
i      tuse  ostiole. 

,;  Tribe  IV.     LIMBORIACEyE,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  rounded,  the  carbo- 
naceous  proper  exciple  closed,  at  length  variously  dehiscent. 
.  Nucleus  subceraceous,  rigescent.     Thallus  crustaceous. 

90.  Pyrenothea.     Perithecia  at  length  perfuse,  protruding  the  fatis- 
cent  nucleus. 


Div.  I.     GYMNOCARPI,    Schrad.,    Fr. 
Tribe  I.     PARMELIACE^,  Fr. 


ries. 

jstiole,  or  irreg^ 
igerous. 

I  formed  of  tiit 
igth  irregular!; 
I  us  vertical,  fri: 

nucleus  blacl; 

iimerscd  in  fli 
nto  a  neck,  nii 
lit' form  ostid 
iceous  or  cms 


I.  USNEA,  Dill.,  Hoffm. 

Apothecia  rounded,  peltate,  subterminal ;  disk  open,  placed  upon  the 
flamcntous  medullary  stratum,  the  margin  mostly  radiate-ciliate.  Tlial- 
los  cartilagineous,  at  first  erect,  sufTruticulose,  becoming  with  age  more 
Of  less  filamentous  or  pendulous,  the  crustaceous  cortical  stratum  some- 
what separate  from  the  medullary. 
A  genus  universally  dillused ;   and  the  first   species  occurring,  in 
ic  or  other  of  its  forms,  in  every  quarter  of  the  globe.     This  spe- 
|cs  extends  throughout  the   United  States.      U.  homalen,  Tuckerm. 
liiuin.  1815,  with  a  softish,  much  compressed,  ancipital,  rugulose,  fas- 
[late  and  attenuate-branched  thallus,  and  plane  apothecia,  with  scarce- 
'cvatcd,  obtuse  margins,  Ramalina  humalea,  Ach.  Lich.  p.  598, 
[as  discovered  on  the  coast  of  California  by  Menzies  !  but  has  not  been 
'tected  elsewhere. 


8 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


-^       1.  U.  barlmta,  Fr.     Thallus  terete,  irregularly  branched,  at  lengi«and  flexile 
annulato-cracked,  glaucous ;  apothecia  almost  immarginate,  radiateHfibres  hori: 

-f-  disk  pale.   Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  18.  —  nftorida,  Fr. ;  very  much  branchedMan  elevatec 
somewhat  scabrous  ;  apoth.  large.  U.  Jlorida,Ach.  —  /?.  strigosa,  Ach.B^.  8,  /  1. 
rather  small,  very  thickly  fibril lose-strigose.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  305.— y.  n^     Nova  Sc 
higinea,  Michx. ;  lax,  scabrous,  more  or  less  rusty-red.    U.  Jlorida,var 

rf-  ruhiginea,  Michx.  Fl.  2,  /;.  \VS2.  —  8.  Iiirta,  Fr. ;  very  much  branched 
dwarfish,  the  fibriliae  somewhat  elongated,  oftener  verrucose-pulveru  i 


specimen  i 
chodea,  Ac 


5.  U.  spi 
branches  oc 
ate,  black,  a 

Melville  ] 
have  receiv( 


V  lent.     U.  hirta,  Hofm.  —  f.  pUcata,  Fr. ;  pendulous,  elongated,  subdi.^ 
chotomous,  entcngled,  lax,  smoothish,  pale.    U.  plicata,  Ach.  —  J.  dA 

■f  sypoga,  Fr.  ;  pendulous,  elongated,  branches  somewhat  simple,  latera^ 
fibres  spreading.    U.  harbata,  Hoffm.    Lichen  harhatus,  L. 

Very  common  ;  «,  /9,  e,  and  ^  mostly  on  trees,  the  last  two  less  fre. 
quently  fi.>rtile ;   8  on  rails,  sterile  ;  New  England.     New  York,  Tor- 
rey.    Pennsylvania,  Muhl.    Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Richardsoil 
(Franklin's  Narrative,  App.). 

-h  2.  U.  longissima,  Ach.  Th.  pendulous,  filamentous,  terete-com. 
pressed,  somewhat  rugulose,  smoothish,  nearly  simple,  pale  glaucous, 
with  approximate,  horizontal,  at  length  tortuous  fibres.    Ach.  Syn  v. 

:jo7. 

Firs  and  other  trees  on  the  sides,  and  in  swamps  at  the  base,  of  the 
high  mountains  of  New  England,  and  northward,  occurring  5  feet  lone,    the  South  of 


iniricata,  Fr, 
losa,  Fr.,  wil 
V  ,  with  a  r 
he  first  and 


Infertile,  as  is  also  the  case  with  the  European  Lichen  on  which  the 
species  was  founded.  It  seems,  like  the  last  species,  to  be  very  widely 
difi'used  ;  and  I  have,  or  have  seen,  specimens  probably  belonging  to  it, 
iVom  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  New  Holland.  A  single  Cape  of  GoodL  -  --.^  v..,.. 
Hope  specimen,  m  my  possession,  is  fertile,  and  has  quite  concave,  ra-i  (Borrer)  ;  th 
diate  apothecia,  with  somewhat  elevated,  obtuse  margins.  The  earliest:  he  second  in 
specimen  that  I  have  seen  is  an  infertile  one  in  the  Berlin  hcrbarium.j  md  South  An 
collected  in  Cappadocia  by  Tourncfort.  Jhese  species 


Apothecia 

jthe  cottony 

retish-fruticu 

pendulous),  • 

;ony  medulle 

The  third 


I'aricata,  Ach 
loftish,  lacunc 
iection  that  is 


3,  U.  angulata,  Ach.    Th,  pendulous,  flexuous,  angular,  nearly  sim 
pie,  pale  cinerasccnt ;  angles  acute,  scabrous  ;  fibres  horizontal,  approxJ 
imate,  simple,  short,  terete-attenuate.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  807.    Hatsey,  Sij' 
nnpl.  View,  in  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye,  1,  p.  21. 

Trees,  Pennsylvania,  3Lihl.  !  Ach.    New  York,  Torrcy.    Massachiiv 
setts,  occurring  4   feet  long,  Hrihry.     Spruce  .wamps,  Chclmsfordi   1.  E.  furcel 

divided,  sub 
)rostrate),  very  delicatej"^' o*"  s''ghtly 


§  I.  Corn 
\t  pendulous  f 


3S 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


9 


iched    at  lengi«and  flexile,  filiform,  smooth,  somewhat  branched,  whitish-paliescetit  • 

ro.„a  e    rad.ateBfibres  horizontal,  scattered,  rather  secund,  flexuous    apoth.  srn^    "^^^^ 

n.uch  bra,.hed|an  elevated,  thin,  entire  margin.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  307     iL,  ^li^A 

.  strigosa,  kc\\./mt.  S,  f.  I.  ^^^^'<, -n-ui.  mein., 

^305.-,.  .„  I     Nova  Scotm,  i.f.„.^e,,  fide  Ach.     Canada,  ^ri.  il^cW/     The 

^:^7    ZWrrV:  ''^^^•^'°-'^-'  -hichnoerke  supposed  might  beUt^ 
much  branched  Ichodea,  Ach.,  is  referred  by  him  to  U.  plicata. 

5.  U.  sphacelata,  R.  Br.  Th.  erectish,  fruticulose,  the  principal 
branches  ocroleucous,  black-vittate,  smooth,  the  ultimate  ones  attenu- 
ate  black,  alsorednferous.    R.  Br.  Suppl.  to  Pan^s  Voy.  p.  307 

Melvdle  Is  and,  R.  Br.  I  have  not  seen  American  specimens,  but  I 
have  received  fine  ones  from  Dr.  Vahl,  collected  by  him  in  Spitzbergen 


rrucosc-pulveru 
ilongated,  subdi. 
[,  Ach.  —  ^.  da. 
it  simple,  latera;^ 
,L. 

St  two  less  fre 
^ew  York,  Tor 
ica,  Richardson 


11.     EVERNIA,  Ach.,  Fr. 


us,  terete-com 
,  pale  glaucous, 
1.    Ach.  Syn.  ji. 

;ho  base,  of  the  ■ 


Apo    eca  roun  ed,scu,ellif„rm,„,„rginal;  disk  ope„,  placed  up„„ 
the  eo„o„y  medullary  layer,  eelored.     Thallus  originally  eree.  T 
re.,*frut,cul„,e  or  compressed-foliaceous  (abnormally  fllamemo;  or 
pe adulous    „„|„„  uniform,  and  either  fistulous,  or  filled  with  ,l,e  cot 
tony  medullary  layer. 

•      .  r    H       ftl. Js'  ;f 'tT''"  "'  *'"  ^'""  ^^'>'^^'^)  '^  ^-^^^^  -presented  in 
rmg  5  feet  long,^  the  South  of  Europe  by  three  species  not  as  yet  known  with  us  —  P 

n  on  which  the:  rntruata,  Fr    with  a  much-branched,  linear,  glaucous  thallus;  E.  1 
be  very  w,dely|o.a,  F.,  wuh  a  villous,  multifid,  glaucous  thallus;  and  E.  Lical 
belong,ngto,|r,w.th  a  much  branched,  linear,  bright  yellow  thallus ;   of  wh^ 
eCapeofGooof^  firs    and  last  species  attain   to  the  southern   coast  of  England 
ue  concave  rafBorrer)  ;  the  first  two  are  found  in  the  Canary  Islands  (Montagne 
s     ^-earhe.!^  second  m  Peru  (Acharius) ;  and  the  last  in  the  West  Indies  (Ich  )' 
:hn  herbar.u.,|nd  South  America  (Eschweiler).     It  is  possible  that  one  or  more  of 
fhese  species  may  occur  in  the  Southern  States.     In  the  North,  E  di- 
^anca^a  Ach.,  nearest  to  E.  prunastri,  with  a  more  or  less  filamentou 
of  sh,  lacunose  thallus,  is  the  only  European  Lichen  of  the  pr  "„; 
(ection  that  is  wanting  with  us.  l^rt-hent 

^.tndlTf::::;^^''^'  ''■ '-'-'--  ^-^-^  ■•--  ^--tous 

^  chv.ded,  suberect,  entangled  branches,  from  hoary  becomin.  cinere- 
very  dolicatoi"^'  or  sl'ghtly  greenish,  with  furcate  fuscous  apices,  Dill.  Muse.  t.  85, 


ar,  nearly  sim 
zontal,  appro.vj 
f.    Halsey,  Sif 

'^y.    Massachii' 


I 


10 


LICHENES    or    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


jUu 


f.  14,  was  constituted  on  a  Lichen  which  Fries  referred  to  this  figure.  Meuca  Ach. 


and  description  of  Dillenius,  whose  own  specimens  were  sent  him  from 
Pennsylvania,  by  J.  Bartram.  I  have  not  seen  Fries's  description,  bui 
he  says  incidentally  (Lichenogr.  p.  478)  that  his  specimens  are  (like 
those  of  Dillenius)  infertile,  and  that  the  genus  of  the  Lichen  is  there- 
fore doubtful. 


ious,  much 
iuf  the  sam( 
i  Mountain 
*I\Iountains, 
^(Parry's  Fii 
yii  the  mour 
arth,  alpiri( 
oil  on  our  nr 


2.  E.  juhata,  Fr.  Thallus  terete,  smooth,  much  branched,  black- 
fuscous  (or  palish),  apices  simple  ;  apothecia  innate-sessile,  entire,  of 
the  same  color  with  the  thallus.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  20.  —  a.  hicolor. 
Fr. ;  th.  erectish,  fruticulose,  branches  divergent,  apices  cinereous 
fuscescent.  Cornicularia  bicolor,  Ach.  —  ,(5.  chalyieiformis,  Ach. : 
th.  subfilamentous,  decumbent,  somewhat  rigid,  divergent  (often  white' 
sorediiferous),  apices  oftener  palish.  Alectoria  jubafa,  var.  chalyk 
Ach.  Cornicularia  fihrillosa,  Halsey,  Lich.  N.  Y.  I.  c.  non  Ach.  %Herh.  Hook 
—  y.  impJexa,  Fr. ;  th.  filamentous,  pendulous,  very  much  branched,  I  White  Moun 
entangled,  softish,  apices  of  the  same  color.  Lichen  jubatus,  L.  — 
d.  setacea,  Ach. ;  th.  filamentous,  rather  slender,  very  long,  pendulous 
somewhat  simple,  frequently  sorediiferous.  Alect.  jubata,  var.  setacea 
Ach.    Setaria  trichodes,  Michx.    Alect.  trichodes,  Pylaie  Voy.  p.  17.     ^      ^     "       "-^ 

Very  common  :  a,  trees  on  high  mountains,  fertile  ;  and  on  the  a  6.  E.  ram 
ground  in  alpine  districts,  infertile  ;  White  Mountains.  Arctic  America,  ajressed,  scai 
R.  Br.  (Ross's  Voy.).  —  /?,  old  rails,  stones,  and  trees,  sterile ;  com- Ifuscous-olivai 
mon  in  New  England.    Arctic  America,  JR.  Br.  (Scoresby's  Arc.  Re-  pose,  obtusish 


5.  E.  vut 

ressed-lacu 
Lichenogr.  ^ 
Trunks  ai 


egenerate  { 
placed  with 


p.  424. 
Arctic  Am 


gions).  Rich.  —  y,  trees  in  mountainous  and  subalpine  districts,  infer- 
tile ;  New  England  and  westward.    Arctic  America,  Rich.  —  8,  deac 

wood,  Canada,  Michaux !  Newfoundland  and  northward,  Herb,  Hook.'.  ]  Ireporiformis 

Michaux's  Lichen  is  extremely  delicate,  but  apparently  not  distinct.    '■  )ranching,  at 

3.  E.  divergens.,  Fr.     Th.  somewhat  angular,  dark-chestnut,  white- ;  7.  E.  arcti 

dotted  ;  branches  elongated,  flexuous  ;  apices  attenuated,  forked,  of  the  i  simple,  or  wit 


lessert.     Bear  Lake,  Rich.,  Hook.  !  (Parry's  Sec.  Voy.). 

4.  E.  ochroleuca,  Fr.     Th.  teretish,  smoothish,  ochroleucous  (ani. 


lalish),  axils  compressed-sublacunose,  irregularly  branched,  apices  a 


.  . .  ?  losa  P  Fi     ( 

/},/»»  tonuate,  subfibrillose  ;  apoth.  innate-sessile,  at  length  repand,  disk  livid  '    "    '  ^"  "''•  V. 


fuscous.     Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  22.  —  «.  rigida,  Fr.  ;   th.  suberect,  frt  ' 
ticulose,  rigid,  ochroleucous,  apices  reflexed,  blackish.     Cornic.  ochn 


ulph'jreous 
renulate  thai 


same  color ;  apoth.  innate-sessile,  crenulate,  disk  of  the  same  color 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  21.     Cornicularia,  Ach. 

On  the  earth,  alpine  and  arctic  regions.     Newfoundland,  Herb.  -Cf  ]§?.  762  &  Icoi 

Bear  Lake, 
follow  Fries 


enus.    Hooli 


lave  net  seen 


§111.  Phy 
fielled. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


11 


d  to  this  figure, 


liichen  is  there- 
ranched,  black- 
jssile,  entire,  of 
).  —  a.  hicolor, 
ices  cinereous- 
Iformis,  Ach. 
nt  (often  wliite- 
X,  var.  chahjh.. 
I.  c.  nan  Ach. 
luch  branched, 


puca,  Ach.—(i.  sarmentosa.  Ft.  ;  th.  filamentous,  sarmentose-pendu- 
3  sent  him  from    k^^^^  n^u^h  branched,  softish,  ochroleucous  or  pale,  apices  elongated 
description,  but   .|,f  the  same  color.     Alectoria  sarmentosa,  Ach.  ' 

imens  are  (like    |    Mountainous,  alpine,  and  arctic  regions. —  a,  on  the  earth;  White 
[JVIountains,  infertile.     Arctic  America,  Rich.  (Herb.  Hook.  !),  i?.  Br. 
"Parry's  First  Voy.),  fertile.  —^,  on  the  trunks  and  branches' of  trees 
n  the  mountains  of  New  England,  and  northward,  fertile ;  and  on  the 
lartli,  alpine  and  arctic,  sterile.     «  does  not  seem  to  be  well  represcnt- 
d  on  our  mountains.     The  arctic  specimens  are  very  fine. 

5.  E.  vulpina,  Ach.  Th.  much  branched,  rigid,  angular,  com- 
iressed-lacuno.'^e,  greenish-yellow  ;  apoth.  sessile,  disk  fuscous.  Fr. 
Licheiwgr.  p.  23. 

I  Trunks  and  rails,  N.  W.  America,  Menzies  !  and  Rocky  Mountains, 
iMerb.  Hook. !  fertile.  A  kvf  specimens  in  my  possession,  from  the 
IWhite  Mountains,  and  elsewhere,  may  belong  to  this  ;  but  most  of  the 

jubatus    L  -  |degenerate  plants  commonly  referred  to  it  here  are,  perhaps,  as  safely 

ong,  pendulous,  |pi^ced  with  E.  prunastri. 

!a,  var.  setacea.  | 

ie  Voy.  p.  17.      |    §^'^-  -Dufoure a,  Fr.     Fruticulose,  inflated,  apothecia  terminal. 

e  ;  and  on  tlie  f    6.  E.  ramulosa,  Hook,  (sub  Dufburea).    Th.  c^espitose,  terete-com- 

\rctic  America,  iprcssed,  scarcely  lacunose,  fuscous-glaucescent,  much  branched  and 

3,  sterile;  com.  tfusoous-olivaceous  above,  branches  subdichotomous,  tuberculate-ramu- 

3sby's  Arc.  Et  iose,  obtusish.   Dufourea  ramulosa,  Hook.  App.  to  Parry's  Sec.  Voy. 

districts,  infer  p.  424. 

lich.  -  8,  dcac  ,  Arctic  America,  Hook.  Considered  by  Hooker  nearest  to  E.  ma- 
l,i:?er&.IZoo^.;|ireporifbrmis,from  which  he  remarks  that  it  differs  in  color,  in  its 
■  not  distinct,     branching,  and  in  being  fistulous. 

:hestnut,  white- 1    7.  E.  arctica,  Rich,  (sub  Dufourea).   Th.  somewhat  ca3spitose,  sub- 
I,  forked,  of  the|imp!e,or  with  a  few  short  branches  above,  subulate-ventricose,  smooth 
he  same  color^  sulphureous   becoming  brownish;   apoth.  chestnut,  with  an  obscure! 
;  ;renulate  thalline  margin.     Dufourea  arctica,  Rich,  in  Frankl.  Narr. 
and.  Herb.  jDf  gj.  762  &  Icon,  t.  31. 

Bear  Lake,  and  elsewhere  in  Arctic  America,  Rich.  (herb.  Hook. !). 


•) 


ihed,  apices  at? 

land,  disk  livid 

.  suberect,  frt' 

Cornic.  oclin] 


roleucous  (anii     ^"°^  Fries  in  considering  the  Dufoureas  a  section  of  the  present 


enus.  Hooker  (App.  to  Parry's  Sec.  Voy.  I.  c.)  refers  Dufourea  no- 
^sa,R.Br.  (Ross's  Voyage),  to  a  variety  of  the  present  species.  I 
lave  net  seen  the  description  of  Brown. 


§  HI.  P hy  s  ci a,  Fr.    Foliaceous-compressed,  the  under  side  chau- 

lelled. 


12 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


8.  E.  prunastri,  Ach.  Th.  subfoliaccous,  ochroleucous  (and  palles- 
cent),  lacinise  linear-at'enuate,  rugose-lacunosc ;  on  the  under  side 
somewhat  chanre'.'.cu  and  white  ;  apoth.  subpedicellate,  cyathiform, 
rufous.     Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  25. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  nnore  rarely  on  stones  and  rails.  Arctic  Amer- 
ica, Rich.  Canada,  fertile,  Herb.  Hook.  !  More  common  with  us  in 
degenerate  states.  New  England.  New  York,  Torr.  Pennsylvania, 
Muhl. 


1.163?    M( 

)Aish,  plan 
Ipolhecia.  - 
ist,  and  dif 
|s  yet  any  I 

(ol lection  of 
10  Rev.  Mr 
|lcd  R.  phyi 
.ialities  this 


9.  E.  furfuracea,  Mann.  Th.  subfoliaceous,  glaucous  (oftener  ci- 
nereous-furfuraceous),  lacinia?  linear,  dichotomous ;  channelled  ano^  1.  R.  call 
becoming  black  on  the  under  side  ;  apoth.  pedicellate,  disk  rufescent.  Ascent,  laci 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  26.  Borrera,  Ach.  —  /?.  Cladonia,  Tuckerm. ;  suf-Bins,  disk  pi 
fruticulose,  naked,  lacinia;  patent,  much  branched,  and  often  somewhai  EciniiE  long( 


thyrsoid-entangled. 


raxinea,  Ac 


Trunks,  common  and   fertile ;   more  rarely  on  stones,  &c.  ;   New     ompressed. 


England.    New  York,  Halsey.  —  (i,  firs  and  other  trees,  on  the  moun- 
tains of  Northern  New  England,  fertile. 


/.  canalicx 
hannelled  ; 

R.  fasti 
ttenuatc,  sul 


III.     RAMALINA,  Ach. 

Apothecia  rounded,  scutelliform,  thick,  pedicellate-subpeltate,  scat- 1  mcea,  Ach 
tered  upon  both  sides  of  the  thallus,  disk  open,  placed  upon  the  (green)  «  Very  comr 
gonimous  stratum.     Thallus  originally  erect,  ramose-laciniate,  similar 
throughout,  and  of  the  same  color. 

Two  species  occurring  in  the  North  of  Europe  are  as  yet  who! 
]y  wanting  with  us  :  —  iJ.  polHnaria,  Ach.,  witn  a  softish,  flaccid, 
corrugated  thallus  besprinkled  with  white  powdery  spots  ;  and  jR 
scopuloru7n,  Ach.,  with  a  thick,  rigid,  polished,  often  terete  thallus,  at 
taining  to  a  very  large  size.  At  the  extreme  South,  we  may  possibly: 
have  some  We^t  Indian  species,  or  others  peculiar  to  this  continent. 
The  late  Mr.  Menzies  kindly  presented  me  with  two,  collected  by  him 
on  the  coast  of  the  Mexican  State  of  California,  which  may  be  noticed 
briefly  in  this  place.  It  is  probable  the  first,  at  least,  has  been  already 
described,  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  any  account  of  it.  JR.  reli- 
formis,  Mcnz.  herb. ;  subcartilagineous,  much  elongated,  the  irregular  ■ 
flexuous  branches  dilated  above  and  regularly  reticulate-perforate; 
apoth.  lateral.  Monterey  !  —  P..  Menziesii,  Tuckerm. ;  submembrana.  Apnthecia  s 
ceous,  thin,  deeply  lacunose  or  plane,  canaliculate,  smooth  ;  apoth.  »^''"*-  Tliali 
lateral,  sessile,  with  a  thin,  elevated  margin.  R.  scopxdorum  !  Men:.  l"ootIiish  on  tt 
herb.    R.  scopulorum,  var.  tenuissima,  Hook.  ^  Am.  in  Bcechey's  VofP^^  somewhat 


mountain  f 
jorthward,  oi 
vhl 

2.  R.  poly) 
tudinally  co 
IS  and  the  S( 

levated  marg 
ria,  Ach.  ;  !i 

nd  pulverulei 
Rocks  and 

ion.  NewYo 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


13 


;ous  (and  palles- 
the  under  side 
ite,  cyathiform, 

Arctic  Amer- 

mon  with  us  in 

Pennsylvania, 

)us  (oftener  ci- 
channelled  and, 
disk  rufescenti 
Fuckerm. ;  suf- 
often  somewhat 

es,  &c. ;  New 
3,  on  the  moun- 


lubpeltate,  seal- 
pon  the  (green) 
Lciniate,  similar 

3  as  yet  whol 
softish,  flaccid, 
spots  ;  and  R 
rete  thallus,  at 
e  may  possibly 
this  continent. 
)llected  by  him 
"nay  be  noticed 
is  been  already 
of  it.  JR.  reli- 
J,  the  irregular 
ilate-perforate; 
submembrana' 
mooth  ;  apoth. 
'orvm  I  Mem. 
Bcechey's  Voti. 


I.  163  ?    Monterey  !    Appears  to  me  to  differ  from  R.  scopulorum  in  its 
aftish,  plane,  often  deeply  lacunose,  and  thin  thallus,  as  well  as  in  the 

Ipolhecia.  — RoccELLA,  a  genus  nearly  allied  to  the  present  and  the 

fest,  and  diffused  throughout  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe,  has  not 
Is  yet  any  North  American  representative.  I  saw,  however,  in  a  small 
Collection  of  "Alga;  from  Carolina,  Bermudas,  and  the  Caribbees  by 

be  Rev.  Mr.  Clerk,"  in  the  British  Museum,  a  Roccella,  which  resem- 
lied  R.  phycopsis,  Ach. ;  but  it  is  uncertain  at  which  of  the  above  lo- 
'ilities  this  Lichen  was  obtained. 

1.  R.  calicaris,  Fr.     Thallus  ramose-foliaceous,  cartilagineous.  ri- 
lescent,  lacunose,  glaucous  ;  apothecia  pedicellate,  with  elevated  mar- 
tins, disk  plane,  palish.     Fr.  Lichenogr.^p.  30.  —  «.  fraxinea,  Fr  • 
bciniiE  longer  and  broader,  the  fertile  ones  plane;  apoth.  lateral,    jr' 
raxinea,  Ach.-(i.  fasligiala,  Fr.  ;  lacinife  shorter,  fasligiate,  sub-' 
iompressed,  lacunose;  apoth.  somewhat  terminal.    R.  fastigiala,  Ach. 
I-;'.  canaUculat.a,Fr. ;  lacinia?  sublinear,  narrow-attenuate,  fertile'  ones 
Ihannelled ;  apoth.  affixed  to  the  reflexed  apices.    Lichen  calicaris 
I.    R.  fasligiata,  ^.,  Ach.-S.  farinacea,  Schrer. ;   lacini^  linear' 
Ittenuatc,  sublacunose  (sorediiferous),  rigid;  apoth.  scattered.  R.  far- 
nacea,  Ach. 

Very  common :  «,  /?,  and  y,  on  trees,  rails,  &c.  ;  the  last  especially 

mountam  forests ;  S,  abundant  in  the  New  England  mountains,  and 

lorthward,  on  trees  and  rocks.     New  York,  Torrey.     Pennsylvania, 


2.  R.  polymorpha,  Ach.  Th.  ca^spitose,  cartilagineous-rigid,  lon- 
Ktudinally  costate-rugose,  glaucous  (and  pallescent),  often  sorediifer- 
ius  and  the  soredia  capituliform  ;  apoth.  subterminal,  pedicellate,  with 
levated  margins,  disk  concave,  pale.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  32.-/5.  tine, 
ma,  Ach. ;  lacinia)  sublinear,  diffuse,  linear-lacunose,  lacerate-incised 
id  pulverulent  at  the  apices.     Ach.  Lichenogr.  p.  601. 

Rocks  and  stones,  fertile  ;  New  England,  and  westward,  very  com- 
ion.  New  York,  Halsey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl   Arctic  America,  Rich. 

IV.  CETRARIA,  Ach.,  Fr. 

Apothecia  scutellate-peltate,  affixed  obliquely  to  the  apices  of  the 
"lallus.  Thallus  cartilagineous-membranaceous,  originally  ascendant  • 
^oothish  on  the  under  side  ;  lobes  either  somewhat  terete,  or  foliaceous 
id  somewhat  concave  above. 


14 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


-f- 


(d'i 


fiHi.O. 


All  the  European  species,  and  indeed  all  that  belong  to  the  genus 
(as  revised  by  Fries)  in  the  last  general  work  of  Acharius  (Synopsis!, 
occur  with  us,  with  several  others.  It  is  difTicuIt  to  define  strictly  the 
limits  between  the  foliaceous  opecies  of  Cetraria  and  some  Parmeliif 
of  the  subsection  Imbricaria ;  and  in  his  Flora  Scanica,  Fries  has  sug. 
gested  the  possibility  of  extending  Cetraria  to  include  most  or  all  of  the 
Imbricaria;.  But  the  genus,  as  limited  in  the  Lichenographia  Euro 
pa;a,  seems  a  natural  one,  and  well  distinguished  from  Parmelia. 

§1.  Cartilagine<2,Fr.     Thallus  cartilagineous,  suberect. 

1.  C.  t7'ist.is,  Ft.     Thallus   fruticulose,  horny-cartilagineous,  rigid  j 
solid,  distichally  dichotomous,  pitch-black,  branches  fastigiate,  terete 
apothecia  terminal,  plano-convex,  disk  fuscous-black.     Fr.  Licheiiogr 
p.  34.     Cornicularia,  Ach. 

Alpine  and  arctic  rocks.     Arctic  America,  RicJi. 

2.  C.  odontdla,  Ach.  Th.  fruticulose,  rigid,  solid,  subcom pressed 
palmate-ramose,  dark-brownish-chestnut,  branches  plane,  dentate  (no; 
ciliate-spinulose)  ;  apoth.  terminal,  plane,  disk  fuscous.  Fr.  Licha 
ogr.  p.  35. 

Stones  and  moist  rocks  in  alpine  districts.  Newfoundland,  Despream 
in  herb.  Deles3. !  Bory  in  herb.  Kunth  !  fertile.  Northward  to  Arctic 
America,  Herb.  Hook.  !    Melville  Island,  R.  Br.  (Parry's  First  Voy.) 

3.  C.  aculeala,  Fr.  Th.  fruticulose,  rigid,  subfistulous,  lacunosc' 
compressed,  very  much  and  irregularly  branched,  dark-brownish-chesi  \ 


nut,  branches  divaricate,  black-spinulose  ;  apoth.  terminal,  peltate,  den  \  ^  the  under 


>, 


ticulate,  disk  of  the  same  color.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  35.    Cornicularu 
Ach. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  and  subalpine  districts.     White  Mountains,  j 
fertile.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  R.  Br.,  Hook.  ! 


^r.  Lichent 

k'aved.    Fr 

tonnivent  n 

On  the  ei 

Sons  northv 

Regenerate  i 

airoughout  ] 

^  6.  C.  cuct 

jfoiis,  sangui 

potli.  adnat 

'/'.  Lichenc. 

On  the  e; 

rtile.     Noi 

7.  C.  nivt 
(icerate-lacir 
late-patulou 
red.     Fr.  1 

On  the  ea 
^rtile.    Nort 

§11.  Men 
lie  sterile  fro 

8.  C.  glau 
nuate-lobed, 


4.  C.  Richardsonii,  Hook.     Th.  subfoliaceous,  canaliculate,  divar: 
cate-bipinnatifid,  naked  or  sparingly  black-denticulate,  dark-chestnut 
apoth.  marginal,  subpedicellate,  margin  granulate  or  irregular,  disil 
yellowish-brown.  Hook,  in  Frankl.  Narr.  p.  761,  &  Icon,  t.  31. 

Barren  grounds  north  of  Great  Slave  LakCj  Rich.  (herb.  Hook.!  ij 
herb.  Grev. !).     Prostrate. 


ichenogr.  p. 

coming  wh 

sterilis,  Fj 

scous-black. 
Trunks  of 

e\v  England 


9.  C.  sepinc 

;iniate,  from 

:inia2  plane  ( 

fort ;  apoth.  i 


—fchenogr.  p. 
5.  C.  Islandica,  Ach.     Th.  subfoliaceous,  sublinear,  canal ieula'e  =  ,„ 

■  Irees  and  i 
ciliate-spinulose,  olivaceous-chestnut ;  apoth.  obliquely  scutellate,  at  •, . 

nate  to  the  upper  side  of  the  lobes,  very  entire,  disk  dark-chestnui  •  , 


s 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


15 


fig  to  the  genus 
iHus  (Synopsis), 
efine  strictly  the 
some  Parmeliff 
I,  Fries  has  sug. 
(lost  or  all  of  the 
lographia  Euro 
Parmelia. 

!,  suberect. 

agineous,  rigid 

istigiate,  terete j 

Fr.  Lichenogr 


subcom  pressed 
ne,  dentate  (no; 
as.    Fr.  Lichen' 

land,  Despreau: 
;h\vard  to  Arcti: 
ry's  First  Voy. 

jIous,  lacunose 
■brownish-ches, 
lal,  peltate,  den 
'.    Cornicularu 

^^hite  Mountains, 

iliculate,  divar: 
,  dark-chestnu! 
irregular,  disl 
;oN,  /.  31. 
herb.  Hook. !  i 


ir,  canal  iculat; 
f  scutellate,  ai 
i  dark-chestnui 


>.  Lichenogr.  p.  36. -.-9.  pUtyna,  Fr.  ;  lacinia^  broader,  flattish, 
■avcd.  Fr.  I  c.  —  y.  crispa,  Ach.  ;  lacinioc  narrow,  crisped,  with 
onnivent  margins.  Fr.  I.  c. 
On  the  earth  in  alpine  and  subalpine  districts,  and  at  lower  eleva- 
ions  northward,  abundant  and  fertile;  ^  not  found  elsewhere.  Also 
egenerate  and  sterile  on  hill-sides,  and  in  sandy  fields  near  the  coast 
^roughout  New  England.     New  York,  Torrey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl 

6.  C.  cucuUata,  Ach.  Th.  subfoliaceous,  sinuate-laciniate,  ochroleu- 
ioiis,  sangumeous-fuscous  at  the  base,  margins  connivent  and  waved  • 
|poth.  adnate  to  the  under  side  of  the  lobes,  disk  pale-flesh-colored.' 
V'.  Lichencgr.  p.  37, 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  and  subalpine  districts.     White  Mountains, 
rtile.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

7.  C.  nivalis,  Ach.  Th.  foliaceous,  erectish,  lacunose-reticulate, 
icerate-lacmiate,  ochroleucous.  yellowish  at  the  base ;  lacini^e  canalic- 
late-patulous,  crisped;  apoth.  marginal,  crenulate,  yellowish-flesh-col- 
■ed.     Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  3S. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  and  subalpine  districts.  White  Mountains, 
rule.    Northward  to  Arctic  America,  R.  Br.  (Scoresby). 

^11  Membranace <2,  Fr.  Thallus  coriaceous-membranaceous, 
e  sterile  fronds  subdepressed. 

I  8.  C.  glauca,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  foliaceous,  expanded 
-^nuatc-lobed,  ascendant,  glaucous  (and  cinerascent) ;  becoming  black 

a  the  under  side ;  apoth.  terminal,  peltate,  dark-reddish-chestnut     Fr 

ichenogr.  p.  38.  -  «.  fertilis,  Fr.  ;   lacini^  elongated,  channelled! 

'coming  whitish  on  both  sides,  or  spotted  with  white.  Fr.  I.  c.  — 
steriUs,  Fr. ;  lacinice  shorter,  wider,  subdepressed,  the  under  side 

|scous-black.    Fr.  I.  c. 

Trunks  of  trees,  stones,  &c.,  in  mountain  forests,  and  elsewhere  • 
ew  England.     Northward  to  Newfoundland,  Pylaie. 

9.  C.  sepincola,  Ach.     Th.  membranaceous,  foliaceous,  ascendant 
cmiate,from  green  becoming  olivaceous-fuscescent ;  paler  beneath  • 
3inia3  plane  (the  margins  sometimes  crisped,  pulverulent),  fortile  ones' 
ort ;  apoth.  adnate  to  the  upper  side  of  the  lobes,  dark-fuscous    Fr 
'chenogr.  p.  39. 

Trees  and  dead  wood.      Branches  of  dwarf  firs,  with  C.  pinastri 

hite   Mountains,  fjrtlle.      Arctic  America,  Rich.      Hudson's  Bay' 

erb.  Banks  !    Northwest  Coast,  Meiizies  !  ' 


16 


I-ICIIENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


SI. 


~h 


10.  C.  riliaris,  Ach.  Th.  subcoriaccous,  folioceous,  reticulate-lac 
unose,  greenish  glaucous  becoming  fuscescent ;  whitish-fuscescent  be- 
neath ;  laciniaj  ascendant,  crisped,  ciliate  or  black-denticulate ;  apoth 
elevated,  blackish-fuscous,  with  a  crenato  margin.     Ach.  Sijn.  p.  227. 

Trunks  of  trees,  and  old  rails,  common  and  fertile  ;  ascending  tc 
subalpinc  districts,  where  it  is  often  very  small,  and  resembles  the  last; 
New  England.     New  York,  Halsey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  ! 

11.  C.  laciinosa,  Ach.  Th.  cartilagireous-coriaceous,  foliaceous, 
round-lobed,  rugose-reticulate-cellulose,  glaucescent;  whitish  on  the  ufr 
der  side,  or  spotted  with  white  ;  lacinite  ascending,  the  margins  crenatej 
crisped,  black-denticulate  ;  apoth.  large,  elevated,  dark-reddish,  entin 
Ach.  Melh.  295,  t.  5,  /.  3,  Syn.  p.  227.  Lichen  cavernosus,  Men: 
fierh.  —  {}.  Allaritica,  Tuckerm. ;  cartilagineous-membranaceous,  lacu 
nose-reticulate ;  apoth.  at  length  perforate.  C.  lacunosa,  Hals.  Lick 
N.  y.,  /.  c.  &  Auct.  Amer.    C.  Tuckermanii,  Oakes  in  Sill.  Jour. 

Trunks  of  trees,  and  old  rails.  —  «,  Northwest  coast,  Menzies!- 

/9,  Lake  Superior  to  New  England,  fertile.    New  York,  Halsey.    ?em 

sylvania,  Muhl.     The  plant  of  Menzies  differs  from  ours  considerably, 

but  more  specimens  of  the  Oregon  Lichen  are  required,  to  settle  the 

distinctness  of  the  two.  H,         _,     ^ 

late.   Fr.  L 

12.  C.  placorodia,  Tuckerm.     Th.  subcartilagineous,  foliaceous,  o:;-    Tilesii,  Ach. 
narrow,  at  first  smooth  and  discrete,  at  length  convex,  concrete,  anci 
plicate  lobes,  finally  besprinkled  with  black  grains  or  wholly  isidiophs 
orous,  pale  livid-glaucous;  on  the  underside  fuscescent,  rugose,  smooi 
sparingly  fibrillose ;  lacinire  crisped,  crenate;  apoth,  marginal,  peltaie 


14.  C.  ( 

[pressed,  lii 
[under  side 
jelevated,  bl 
larginal,  e 
E.  in  B 
Trees  an 

15.  C.  vi 
obed,  lacui 
ide  ;  marg 
n  inflexed, 
.  16. 

Cedars,  M 

ext ;  and  th 

ing  but  a  sta 

16.  C.  jm 

lant,  sublaci 
ubreticulate 
iculate ;  apo 


lecoming  pa 

On  trees, 

edars  and  o 

II !  and  sot 


f  Europe,  fr 
uropean  fori 


pirn 


on  the  ascending  lobules,  from  pale  fuscous  becoming  dark  chestnu: :    lur  (i  can  be 
with  an  inflexed  crenate  margin,  at  length  explanate.     Parmelia  plr- 
corodia,  Ach.  !   Syn.  p.  196. 

Trunks  (normal),  Chelmsford,  Russell!   and  common  on  rails,  wheH   rpe 
(like  C.  ciliaris,  C.  lacunosa,  and  others)  it  assumes  a  Parmei.u'      % 
aspect.     From  Parmelia  it  appears  to  me  distinct,  in  its  marr:iu  ■'    '  X..  '  j 
liquely  affixed  apothecia,  and  its  smooth,  reticulate-rugose  under-sideW  .       '. 
Acharius  was  acquainted  only  with  the  rail-Lichen.  M    .    ,.  /^ 

13.  C.  aurescens,  Tuckerm.     Th.  subcoriaceous,  foliaceous,  planeB/upenna,  /?. 
sinuate-lobed,  yellowish-green;  beneath  whitish  with  pale  fuscescerB Subalpine  s 
fibres ;  margins;  of  ihe  lobes  elevated,  crisped,  black-denticulate  ;  apollB-amps,   infer 
large,  elevated,  cIk  .tnut,  with  a  thin  crenulate  margin.  WUch. 

Trunks  and  branches  of  Conifera;,  New  Hampshire.    And  old  rai! 
Massachusetts. 


AND    BRITISH    AMEKICA. 


17 


i,  reticulate-lac. 
l)-fiiscescent  be. 
iticulate ;  apotl 
h.  Syn.  p.  227. 
! ;  ascending  tc 
embles  the  last 

ous,  foliaceous, 
hitish  on  the  un. 
nargins  crenate, 
>reddish,  entire] 
vernosus,  Men: 
ranaceous,  lacu 
osa,  Hals.  Lid 
i  Sill.  Jour. 
ist,  Menzies !  - 
Halsey.  Pcnn 
irs  considerablv 
red,  to  settle  th? 

IS,  foliaceous,  o: 
X,  concrete,  anc| 
wholly  isidioph-: 
,  rugose,  smoot 
narginal,  peltaic 
g  dark  chestnu: 
Parmelia  ph\ 

m  on  rails,  wiier 
I  Parnnehu 
its  marr;!!  •' 
gose  under-sidel 

)liaceous,  plane 

pale  fuscescetl 

nticulate ;  apoiH 

.    And  old  rai!i 


U.  C.Oakes^ana,  Tuc).erm.      Th.  subcoriaceous.  foliaceous,  de. 
pressed,   mear-lacmiate,  from  green  becoming  yellow  ;  fu«cous  on  the 
under  side   wuh  scattered  coarse  fuscous  fibres;  iacini^B  plane,  with 
^levated  black-c.hate  (or  more  commonly  pulverulent)  margins;  apoth 
knargmal,  elevated,  rufous-fuscous,  somewhat  entire.    Tuckerm.  Lick. 
p.  L.  m  Bosl.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  1841,  p.  445. 

Trees  and  rocks  in  mountain  forests.  New  England  ;  fertile. 

15.  C.  viridis,  Schwein.     Th.  membranaceous,  foliaceous,  round- 

lobed,  lacunose-reticulate,  glaucous-green  ;  pale  yellow  on  the  under 

Me ;  margms  wav.d,  black-denticulate ;  apoth.  chestnut-brown,  with 

^n  inflexed,  lobate-dentate  margin.  Schwein.  in  Hals.  Lich.N.  Y.  I.  c. 

Cedars  Massachusetts.   New  York,  HaZ..^,.    Certainly  very  near  the 
.ext ;  and  the  Massachusetts  Lichen  here  referred  to  it  is  perhaps  noth- 
|ngbutastateof  C.juniperina,^.  ^ 

)16.  C  Jrmiperina,  Ach.     Th.  membranaceous,  foliaceous,  ascen- 
ant,  subacunose   lacerate-laciniate,  bright  yellow;  on  th-^  under  side 
ubretic Jate,  of  the  same  color;  lacini^  concave,  crisped,  black-den- 
culate;  apoth   adnate  to  the  lobes  in  front,  disk  fuscous,  margin  cren- 
^ae.Fr.  Lrchenogr.  p.  40.    C.  juniperina,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  226,  &  C. 
hlesn,  Ach.    Syn.  p.  228.-^.  Hrescens,  Tuckerm. ;  glaucous-green 
Jecoming  pale  yellowish,  pale  beneath. 

On  trees,  and  on  the  earth,  Arctic  America,  Rich.,  Hook. '-8 
le  ars  and  other  trees,  and  rails,  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts,  Ru^ 
¥l!aad  southward  to  New  York,  Torrey,  and  Pennsylvania,  Muhl 
pur,?  can  be  compared  only  with  the  low-country  Lichen  of  the  North 
11  i^urope,  irom  which  it  appears  to  differ  as  described.  The  alpine 
European  forms,  and  our  own  arctic  ones,  recede  variously  from  this 
►'pe. 

;    7   C.  pina^tri,  Sommerf.     Th.  membranaceous,  foliaceous,  de- 
_sed,ro.nd.lobed,  greenish-yellow;  lacinia.  plane,  not  denticulate 
H    cnsped  and  powdery  margins  in  the  sterile  plant) ;  '  apoth.  mar- 
nal,  d,sk  yellowish-brown,  margin  obtuse.'  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  40     C 
Piipenna,  ^.  pmastri,  Ach.    Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E  I  c 
Subalpine  shrubs  and  rocks  ;    also  trees  in  mountain  woods  and 
-mps,  mfertde  ;    New  England.     Northward  to  Arctic  America, 


18 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


f 


I  Trees  ai 
l(N.  aspera 
fof  N^.  resu 


Apothoci 


V.  NEPHROMA,  Ach. 

Apothecia  rcniform,  piano,  not  velate,  adnate  to  the  under  side  of 
the  thallus,  with  m  elevated  thalline  margin.  Thallus  membrana. 
ceoLis,  softish,  somewhat  villous  on  the  under  side. 

Nephroma  is  constituted  a  section  of  Peltigera  in  the  Lichenogra- 
phia  of  Fries,  but  in  his  Flora  Scanica,  1835,  and  his  Summa  Fl.  Scand,  |elon"-ated 
1845,  these  genera  are  recognized  as  distinct ;  as  they  are  also  by  Mori'  Iniarrfin  of  t 
tagne.  Fee  (Crypt.  Exot.  Suppl.  p.  8)  remarks  that  they  differ  also  |the  under  si 
in  their  theca). 

1.  N.  arcticum,  Fr.      Thallus  coriaceous-membranaceous,  smoot 
ochroleucous ;  on  the  under  side  subvillous,  becoming  black  ;  fertile 
lobules   somewhat   elongated,  (;rectish  ;    apothecia   dark   orange-red, 
Peltigera  aixtica,  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  42.    N.  polaris,  Ach.    Tuckerm. 
Lick.  N.  E.  I.  c.  :i 

Rocks  among  mosses,  and  on  dwarf  firs,  in  alpine  and  subalpim   1 
districts.     White  Mountains,  fertile.     Abundant  in  Newfoundland,  aiT' 
forming  patches  of  two  or  three  feet  in  extent,  Pylaie  !  in  horb 
Kunth.     Northward  to  Greenland,  Brasen  (Fl.  Dan.),,  and  elsewhcr? 
in  Arctic  America,  Rich. 


1.  P.  mat 

ous-cineras 
entum  be( 

ounded,  mi 
Mountain( 

f  trees,  anc 


2.  N.  resupinatmn,  Ach.  Th.  cartilagineous-membranaceous,  smooil, 
from  glaucous  becoming  fusccscent ;  pale  and  downy  on  the  under  sidi 
which  is  sparingly  besprinkled  with  whitish  soredia  ;  apoth.  rufous-fib 
cous.  Ach.  Si/7i.  p.  241. 

Trunks,  often  of  mountain  ash,  in  mountain  forests,  luxuriant  an 
fertile ;  New  F>ngland.  New  York,  Jfahey.  Arctic  America,  Rid 
Darker  on  rocks,  where  it  is  frequently  quite  small. 

3.  N.  ;;ariZc,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  suborbiculate,  softisl: 
livid-fuscous  ;  on  the  under  side  naked,  rugulose,  dark  ;  (the  laciiiis 
often  sorediiferous,  and  pulverulent  at  the  margins),  fertile  lobulej 
short;  apoth.  dark-fuscous.     Ach.  Si/n.  p.  242. 

Rocks.     White  Mountains,  not  uncommon.     And  on  the  coast,  Jlfr| 
Oakes.     Fertile. 


.  P.  ajihi 
|\ai1s,  brighl 
nd  fibrilloGe 
somewhat 
Rocks  ami 
est,s ;  New  E 
i.tid  to  New 

,  •>•  P.  cani 
[iibtomentose 
id<;  whitish  j 
)undcd,  at  1( 
On  the  eai 
few  York,  7 
nescke. 

4.  P.  riifesi 
is-virescent 
ider  side,  a 
rrow,  with  i 
long,rovoIu1 


-i- 


4.  N.  Helvelicutn,  Ach.  Th.  cartilagineous-membranaceous,  some 
what  rigid,  glaucous-fnsccscent ;  on  the  under  side  tomcntose,  becomiBiM/r/,',  J\r  }?  i 
black;  margins  of  the  lobes  and  of  the  apothecia  fimbriatc-tootliecM  On  the  ear 
fertde  lobules  somewhat  elongated;  apoth.  blackish.    Ach.  Sijti.  />.  ^^'-Wiallus  smalU 


AND   BRITISH    AMERICA. 


19 


I  under  side  of 
lus  membrana. 

he  Lichenogra' 
mma  Fl.  Scand, 
ire  also  by  Moii' 
they  differ  also 


aceous,  smoot 
I  black  ;  fertile 
irk   orange-red, 
Ach.    Tuckerm. 


3  and  subalpim 
kvfoundland,  anc' 
ylaie  !  in  herb 
,  and  elsewhcn 


I    Trees  and  rocks,  fertile,  New  England.     A  small  rock-fbrm  occurs 
I^N^spera,  Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  1.  c),  analogous  to  a  similar  one 
|ol  N.  resupmatum. 
I 

\  VI.  PELTIGERA,  Hoffhi. 

^    Apothocia  orbiculate,  pelt^fbrm,  plane,  adnate  to  the  upper  side  of 
felongated  lobes  of  the  thallus,  or  more  rarely  marginal ;  with  a  thin 
irnargm  of  the  thallus.    Thallus  coriac^ous-membranaceous,  venose  on 
he  under  side. 

1.  P.  malacea,  Ach.  Thallus  spongy,  soft,  smooth,  round-Iobed.  fus- 
ous-cnerascent,  clothed  on  the  under  side  with  a  dense  blackish  to- 
lentum  becoming  white  towards  the  margins ;  apothecia  ascendant, 
ounded,  margm  crenulate.     Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  44. 

Mountainous  districts;  on  the  earth  and  on  shrub  firs  near  the  limit 
.f  trees,  and  on  rocks  at  lower  elevations.  White  Mountains. 


2   I    apmosa,  Hoffm.     Th.  coriaceous,  smooth,  besprinkled  with 
'arts  bright  green  (and  glaucescent) ;  reticulated  with  blackish  veins 
nd  fibri  Ice  on  the  under  side ;  apoth.  large,  ascendant,  round,  with 

^  somewhat  lacerate  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  44. 

I   Rocks  among  mosses,  and  on  the  earth.     Common  in  mountain  for 

:r::r:  tirN'^^'t  r-^-'^'^--  pennsyK.ania,zrt:i 

H:  ^^  k        "  Newfbundland,  PyMe;  and  Arctic  America,  RicH..  R.  Br. 
H   '^-  P-  canina,  Hoffm.      Th.  membranaceous,  flaccid,  scrobiculate, 
|-ul>tomenlose,  fuscous-green  (and  cinerascent,  and  hoary) ;  the  under 
f    wimish  and  r.ticulated  with  pale  fuscous  veins;  apoth.  ascendant, 
funded,  at  length  semi-revoiute,  vertical.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  45. 
On  the  t>arih,  rocks,  and  mossy  trunks,  common  in  New  England 
;w  lork,  Torrey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl     Northward  to  Greenland 
lescke.  '  ' 


s,  luxuriant  n 
America,  J^ 


Diculate,  softi 
rk  ;  (the  lacinii 
I,  fertile   lobule 


n  the  coast,  Jl/r 


anaceous,  sorael 
:!ntose,  becominj 
mbriatc-toothec^ 


i.  1 .  rvfescens,  Hoffm.     Th.  coriaceous,  soft,  subtomentose,  cinere- 

.s-virescent  (and  cinereous,  and  rufescent)  ;  fuscous-fibrillose  on  the 

p.ler  side,  and    reticulated   with  black-fuscous  veins ;    lobes  rather 

^rrow,  with  elevated  and  crisped  margins ;  apoth.  at  length  vertical, 

>Iong  revolute.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  4G.  PeUidea  spuria,  Ach.  Tuckerm. 

On  the  earth,  rocks,  and  trunks  among  mosses;   New  England. 


4 


4c/.  %«.  ^  iJl.f  Lallus  smaller  and  thicker  than  in  the  last. 


20 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


■i 


X  5.  P.  pohjdactyla,  HofTm.  Th.  papyraceous,  very  smooth,  shining, 
plumbeous-virescent  (and  gray),  on  the  under  side  almost  naked,  re- 
ticulated  with  spongy  fuscous  veins;  (fertile  lobules  often  very  numer- 
ous;)  upoth.  ascending,  finally  revolute.  Fr.  Licheiiogr.  p.  46. — ,i 
scuf.afa,  Fr. ;  margins  often  crisped  (or  powdery) ;  apoth.  at  first  trans- 
versely oblong,  at  length  erect  and  revolute.  Fr.  I.  c.  Peltidea  scutata, 
Ach. 

Rocks  and  trunks  among  mosses,  abundant  in  mountain  forests; 
New  England.  New  York,  Halseij.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  The  va- 
riety /5  mdy  be  taken  for  the  next  species,  which  has  a  difTcrent  thallus, 
P.  reticulata.  Hook.  ms.  (herb.  Borr. !),  from  the  Northwest  Coast,  is' 
near  this,  but  apparently  a  distinct  species,  I  have  not  seen  the  de- 
scription. 

6.  P.  horizontalis,  HofTm.  Th.  coriaceous,  lacunulose,  smooth,  fus- 
cous-virescent ;  the  under  side  reticulated  with  black  veins ;  apoth, 
transversely  oblong,  plane,  horizontal.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  47. 

Rocks  and  trth*ts,  among  mosses,  less  common  than  the  last ;  New 
England.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Margins  of  the 
thallus  sometimes  crisped,and  the  under  side  scarcely  venose  (var.  lo- 
phyra,  Ach.). 

7.  P.  venosa,  HofTm.  Th.  coriaceous  (small),  fan-shaped,  simple, 
green  (and  cinereous) ;  white  on  the  under  side,  and  variegated  witt 
fuscous-black,  divaricately  branched  veins;  apoth.  adnate  to  the  thal- 
lus, round,  horizontal.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  48. 

On  the  earth,  in  woods.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  New  York,  Torrey' 
Northwest  Coast,  Menzies  ! 

VII.  SOLORINA,  Ach. 

Apothecla  suborbiculatc,  depressed,  adnate  to  the  disk  of  the  thallus 
covered  originally  with  a  thin  membrane,  which  forms  at  length  ai 
evanescent  margin,  '  subgelatinous  within.'     Thallus  coriaceous-mem^ 
branaceous,  foliaceous,  venose  or  lanuginous  beneath. 

Eschweiler(Syst.  p.21,&Lich.  Brasil.in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  1833,  p.  60] 
considers  this  genus  very  distinct  from  Pcltigera;in  the  peculiar  evolii] 
tion  of  its  apothecia.  The  apothecia  of  some  species  of  Peltigera  anl 
indeed  vnl.ite,  and  this  is  the  case  '.vith  nearly  nil,  according  to  FHp?! 
but  these  groups  differ  also  in  their  thecoG,  as  shown  by  Eschweiler  anj 
by  Fee,  and  in  a  somewhat  diflbrent  habit.     Monlagnc  (Bot.  ZeitunjJ 


I  P-  476), 
pooker  (Lie 
Henus  by  the 

f  1.  S.  croc 
Ibmingcinnt 
fbscure,  brai 
pite,  dark-cl 
I  On  the  e£ 
j|ake.  Rich. 

2.  S.  sacci 
bcomins  gre 
|)oth.  applan 

8.  Peltige 

Rocks  (lim 
fylaie.  Noi 
(enz.  herb.  ! 

lieve  it  is  t 


Apothecia  s 
[mewhat  obli 
eiform ;  becc 

from  a  ce: 

the  under  s 
es  {cyphella 

DtS. 

I A  mostly  tn 
In  species,  sc 
Irts  of  the  Ui 

[1.  S.  aurata 

the  under  si 
jsprinkled  wit 
|:inia3  roundec 
jlverulent ;  '  i 
|.xcd.'  Delis. 
jAniong  moss 
plile.)  Ohi^ 
lit^. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


21 


mooth,  shining,  |,  p.  476),  Flotow  (Ibid.  p.  613),  Fe^  (Crypt.  Exot   1   c  )   and  J  D 

lost  naked,  re-  ^ooker  (Lich.  Antarct.  in  Hook.  Jour.  Bot.)  have  enlarged  'the  preseni 

.n  very  numer-  fenus  by  the  addition  of  some  interesting  tropical  and  other  species. 

gr.  p.  46.  -A  I J    s,  ^^^^^^^  ^^^      ^j^^,,^^  ^^.^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^  ^^  - 

Jmrng  c,nnamon.colored  ;  on  the  under  side  safTron-colored,  with  rather 
|scure,  branched,  anastomosing  veins ;  apothecia  applanate,  immar^i- 
*te  dark-ches  nut.  Ach,  Syn.  p.  8.    Peltigera,  Fr.  Lickenogr.  p.  Is 
I  On  the  earth,  Arctic  America.     Greenland,  i?.7/.     North  of  Point 


b.  at  first  trans 
'ellidea  scutata, 

untain  forests; 

^f  •     ^[''''   lake,  i2.c/r(Herb7Hookr!i^ 
lincrent  thaUus,    "-  ' 

hwest  Coast,  is^ 

)t  seen  the  de-l 

>e,  smooth,  fus^ 
L  veins ;  apoth, 
p.  47. 

1  the  last;  New 
Margins  of  the 
/enose  (var.  lO' 


2.  S.  saccata,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  subimbricate,  from  green 
.ommg  greemsh-cmerascent ;  on  the  under  side  whitish  and  fibriLe  ; 
loth.  applanate,  finally  saccate-depressed,  blackish-fuscous.  Ach.  sj 
b.  Pelttgera,  Fr.  Lickenogr.  p.  49  ^  ' 

Rc^ks  (limestone),  New  York,  B.  D.  Greene,  Es,.    Newfoundland, 
,la.e.     Northward  ,0  Bear  Lake,  ffirJ.  Hook,    Solorina  orbiculala 
nz.  herb, !  from  the  Pacific  coast,  appeared  .0  me  a  distioc,  b„ 
ilieve  It  IS  an  undescribed  species. 


ite  to  the  thai 
York,  Torrey 


VIII.  STICTA,  Ach. 

u      ^     •     ,    1  ^P"^''*'*^'^  scutelliform,  adnate  to  the  margin  or  disk  of  ib.  ti,  n 
shaped,  simple,  Jmowhit  nKlin„«  *u  ■     n       ,  ^  °*  ^"®  thallus, 

Wf^cwnat  Oblique,  the  marcm  free  bpnnntJi      ni^r     ^  n    .     ,       . 

variegated  will  ieiform  •  becomino-  nf  l      1  !  ""^  ^''^  ^'°'^^'  "»' 

Z  '  ^''"7"^;  .  '^"Sth  elevated  and  cxplanate.    Thallus  expand- 

from  a  centre,  fo haceous.  coriaceous-eartilagineous,  lobate,  villous 

c" t^f '  "    ^^'"'  ""  ^''  ^'^^  ^"^^"'  rcgular'urceollte  cav! 
■^Jcypkell.),  or  where  these  are  wanting  soredia,  or  discolored 

A  mostly  tro.ical  genus,  with  many  West  Indian  and  South  Ameri- 

Ican  spec.es,  some  of  which  are  represented  in  the  extreme  sourhern 
(rts  of  the  United  States.  souinern 

the;,rde   ?d    ,  -b-riaceous,  reddish-brick-colored  ; 

the  under  ,„de  lanug.nous,  reddish-yellow  al  the  circ.rafc-once  and 
h™™i™       an  'T     ""'■     °  "'"''"  ""'"'"'"•  =™''"^'  "^  '  «>l- 

EXJii;; '..If; -r?  ';7",  ™,;i°"=":  ""'■  --■     (Sonthem  States  !  and  Texas  - 
=  (Bot,  Zeit.«I"'  ^^    °"'°'     ^'"^  ^""""•■'°  Licben  probably  occu,.  within  our 


I 


22 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


-h 


M- 


m 


2.  S.  crocata^  Ach,  Th.  submembranaceous,  scrobiculate,  greenisli. 
glaucous-fuscescent  ;  on  the  under  side  lanuginous,  livev-colored  a: 
the  circumference,  with  minute,  pale-lemon-colored  cyphellsc ;  lacinia 
sliort,  rounded,  crenulau,  with  yellowish-pulverulent  margins;  '  apolh 
scattered,  fuscous-black.'     Delis.  Slid.  p.  56. 

Rocks  among  mosses.  New  England,  infertile  ;  less  common  in  tlie 
Northern  mountains.  S.  Feci,  Delis.  I.  c.  p.  44,  from  North  America 
is  perhaps  a  Southern  species. 

3.  S.  sylcatica,  Ach.  Th,  coriaceous-membranaceous,  laciniate-lobed 
lacunulose,  greenish-fuscous ;  tomentose,  and  subfuscous-cinerascei:' 
beneath,  with  urceolate,  whitish  cyphellae  ;  lobes  somewhat  truncate, 
rounded,  crenulate  ;  '  apoth.  marginal,  peltate,  rufous-fuscous.'  Fr 
Lichenogr.  p.  51. 

Rocks,  among  mosses.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.,  New  York,  Halsey.  ? 
fuUginosa,  Ach.,  differs  principally  in  its  round-lobed,  rugose  frondi 
frequently  isidioid-efllorescent,  and  its  (normal)  sessile,  orbiculate  apo 
thecia.  The  described  apothecia  of  S.  sylvatica  depend  upon  the  figure; 
of  Dillenius,  Wulfen,  &c.    The  species  is  now  unknown  in  a  fertile  slate 

4.  S.  quercizans,  Ach.  Th.  cartilagineous,  laciniate,  plane,  pale-ii 
fous-fuscous  ;  somewhat  tomentose,  and  subfuscous-nigrescent  bencaili 
with  urceolaie  (membranaceous),  whitish  cyphellne  ;  lobes  subimbricate 
oblong,  rounded,  crenulate  ;  '  apoth.  scattered,  disk  somewhat  concavo 
plane,  with  a  thin  entire  margin.'  Delis.  Slid.  p.  84.  Lobaria,  Mich 

Pennsylvania,  Herb.  Montague  !  Mossy  rocks,  New  York,  Russell 
The  specimens  from  Mr.  Russell  seem  to  me  to  differ  from  S.  sylvatic;*! 
in  the  characters  indicated  by  Delise,  and  to  agree  with  his  S.  qiiorc: 
zans,  as  they  also  do  with  my  brief  notes  on  the  specimen  (from  Ca: 
olina)  in  herb.  Michaux.  S.  Bcaiwoisii,  Delis.  I.  c.  p.  83,  constitute. 
on  a  North  American  Lichen,  seems  hardly  distinct  from  the  present, 

5.  S.  scrobiculata,  Ach.     Th.  coriaceous,  suborbiculate,  lax,  sere 
biculate,  leaden-gray  (and  glaucescent) ;  lanuginous  on  the  under  side! 
with  naked,  white  spots;  lacinia3  rounded,  somewhat  entire  (commo"! 
sorediiferous)  ;  '  apoth.  scattered,  from  rufous  becoming  fuscous.'  Ft 
Lichenogr.  p.  53. 

Trunks,  and  rocks  among  mosses,  New  England  ;  infertile.  Nort'r 
ward  to  Newfoundland,  Fylaie.  S.  limbata,  Ach.,  a  species  rcsembliii 
this,  but  with  urceolate,  true  cyphella),  very  possibly  occurs  with  us.^ 

6.  S.  anthraspis,  Ach.      Th.  cartilagineous-membrana(^us,  lac. 


I 


iaose-retici 
foinewhat 
^bes  some 
Imd  exclud 

On  the 
fork,  Hals 

7.  S.  pu 
lark  green 
'hite  spots 
ipoth.  subii 
Hus,  L. 

Trunks  ii 
tcrile  form 
)elise  as  fi 
Jkountains,  i 
'few  York, 

8.  S.  glor, 
(icular,  app 

lous  on  tl 
re  often  wa: 
irk-reddish- 

129.    Tuc 

Trunks  of 

(uhl.  in  her 

reen  glome: 

[oung  plants 

9.  S.  herb( 
\uTely  green 
le  membran 
jiunded  at  th( 

/n-p.341. 

Trunks  and 
f.y.     Arctic  1 


Apothecia  si 
|e  tliallus,  wi 


iculate,  greenisli. 

livev-colored  a: 

/phellEC ;  lacinic 

nargins ;  '  apolh 

5  common  in  tlie 
North  America 

!,  laciniate-lobed 
icous-cinerasfei:' 
levvhat  truncate, 
as-fuscous.'    Fr 

fork,  Halseij.  ? 
1,  rugose  frondi 
I,  orbiculate  apo 

upon  the  figure; 

in  a  fertile  slate 

3,  plane,  pale-ii 
rescent  bencaili 
)es  subimbricate 
fiewhat  concavfr 
Lobaria,  Mich 
'  York,  Russell 
from  S.  sylvatic; 
ith  his  S.  querc: 
imen  (from  Ca: 
.  83,  constitute 
)m  the  present, 

ulate,  lax,  sere 
1  the  under  side^ 
ntire  (commo;;! 
ng  fuscous.'  Fi 

nfertile.  Nort'r 
scies  rcsemblii 
ccurs  with  us. 

ranaA)us,  lac. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


23 


I 


ose-ret.culate,  broadly  round-lobed,  cinereous-virescent ;  rugulose  and 
lo.newhat  v.lio.s  beneath,  with  small,  white,  sorediiform  cyph  la^  • 
lobes  sonowlmt  crenate ;  apoth.  scattered,  disk  at  length  convex,  black' 
|nd  excluding  the  entire  thalline  margin.  Ac/i.  Syn.  p.  233 

On  the  earth,  among  mosses;  Northwest  Coast,  Menzies  '  New 
|ork,  Halsey.  The  upper  surface  resembling  that  of  S.  pulmonaria. 
7.  S.  pulmonaria,  Ach.  Th.  coriaceous,  lax,  lacunose-reticulate, 
lark  green  (and  olivaceous)  ;  tomentose  on  the  under  side,  with  naked 
.Ime  spots;  lacinia)  elongated,  discrete,  sinuate-lobed,  retuse-truncate  ;' 
Ipoth  submargmal,  rufous.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  53.  Lichen  pulmona. 
mius,  L.  ' 

I  Trunks  in  mountain  forests,  fertile.     Also  on  rocks,  where  various 
,#erue  forms  are  found.     Among  these  is  S.  linita,  Ach.,  quoted  by 
|ehse  as  from  the  United  States,  which   has  occurred  at  the  White 
Jtfountams,  w,th  all  the  features  of  the  Swiss  Lichen.     New  England 
^esvYoA,  Torrey.     Pennsylvania,  ilf«AZ.     Newfoundland,  p/aie. 
■  8    S.  ghmeruUfera,  Delis.     Th.  coriaceous-cartilagineous,  thick,  or- 
cular,  appressed    smooth,  from  pale  green  becoming  glaucescent ; 
illous  on  the  under  srde,  with  scattered,  excavated  cyphella3  (which 
re  often  wantmg) ;  lacini.  elongated,  sinuate-lobed  ;  apoth.  scattered, 
nr  -redd-sh-chestnut,  with  a  rugose,  persistent  margin.    Delis.  Stic. 
U9.    Tuckerm.  Further  Emm.  I.  c.    Parmelia,  Ach. 
Trunks  of  trees,  and  rocks,  fertile  ;  New  England.     Pennsylvania 
nhl  „,  herb.  Willd.  !     Northward  to  Newfoundland,  Pylail     t2 
|een  glomerules  of  the  European  Lichen  always  wanting  in  ours, 
■oung  plants  of  this  species  may  be  taken  for  the  next. 

9.  S.  herhacca,  Ach.     Th.  membranaceous,  appressed,  smooth,  ob- 
purely  green  (and  glaucescent)  ;  on  the  under  side  paler,  lanu.inous 
.0  membranaceous,   hoary  cyphell.   rare  ;    lacini.  sinuate-r:pand' 

yn.p.  d4L   Parmelia,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  198 

Trunks  and  rocks.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl.     New  York,  Torrey,  HaU 
•y-    Arctic  America,  Rich.  ^ 

IX.  PARMETJA,  Ach.,  Fr. 

|o  timllus,  with  an  equal  thalline  margin.     Disk  at  first  connivent- 


24 


LICHENF.S    OP    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


closed,  somewhat  waxy.    Tballus  expanded  horizontally  from  a  centre,' 
two-sided,  of  various  form,  upon  a  hypothallus.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  56. 

Synopsis  of  the  Sections. 

Sect.  I.  The  fibrillose  hypothallus  adnate  to  the  foliaceous  thallu; 
which  is  discrete  from  the  matrix. 

Subsect.  I.  Imbricaria,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  elevated,  subpedicellate 
regular.;  disk  very  thin,  naked,  plac&d  upon  the  gonimous  layer 
Thallus  imbricate-foliaceous  ;  often  black-dotted  from  abortio: 
of  the  apothecia.  —  Sp,  1  -  24. 
Subsect.  II.  Physcia,  Fr — Apothecia  at  first  closed,  at  length  dc. 
hiscent.  Disk  thickish,  waxy,  placed  upon  the  medullary  layer 
Thallus  normally  foliaceous ;  ascendant  or  stellate  ;  fibrillosf 
on  the  under  side. 
*  Thallus  normally  ascendant,  or  loosely  decumbent ;  apoth.  some 

wh,at  obliquely  marginate. — Sp.  25. 
**  Thallus  normally  stellate-appressed  ;  apoth.  plane.  —  Sp.  26- 
33. 

Sect.  II.  Thallus  subfoliaceous,  at  length  compacted  into  a  conglon; 
erate,  subgranulose  crust ;  arising  from  a  fibrillose  (rarely  o: 
solete)  hypothallus,  which  is  adnate'  to  the  matrix. 

Subsect.  III.    Pyxine,  Tuckerm.  —  Apothecia  erumpent,  at  fir 
closed,  palish  ;  becoming  patelliEform,  and,  with  the  altcii 
thalline  margin,  black  ;   finally  cephaloid,  excluding  the  ma: 
gin.     Thallus  subfoliaceous,  imb^icate-laciniate,  at  length  cr 
taceous-concrete  at  the  centre,  on  a  black,  fibrillose  hypotl 
lus.  — Sp.  34. 

Subsect.  IV.  Amphiloma,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  erumpent,  somewhat  c 
onate  with  an  accessory  thalline  margin.     Disk  waxy,  thickis; 
naked.     Thallus  foliaceous,  somewhat  monophyllous,  roundei  ■ 
at  length  crustaceous-compact  at  the  centre,  placed  on  a  spongy 
pannose  hypothallus.  —  Sp.  35-38. 

Subsect.  V.  Psoroma,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  for  the  most  part  two-forme:; 
adnate  or  immersed  ;  arising  in  the  one  case  from  the  thallui^ 
with  a  crenate-thalline  margin  ;  and  in  the  other  from  the  h| 
pothallus,  with  an  entire  proper  margin,  Disk  waxy.  Thai! 
of  discrete,  foliaceous  squamules,  arising  from  a  common  h)| 
pothallus  ;  often  at  the  centre,  or  wholly,  concrete  in  a  subgra[| 
ulose  crust.  —  Sp.  39  -  41 . 


Sect.  11 

sqi 
tri; 

Subsect, 
ed, 
(Tl 

Subsect. 
ceo 
(vis 
caes 

Sect.  IV, 
the 

Subsect. ' 

sess 

somi 

adna 

caisii 

Subsect.  ] 

imm( 

berai 

ginat 

with 


i^KCT.  I.      1 


1-  P.  crini 

Jus-fuscesce 

^idioid  granu 

ider  side,  an 

hat  asccndai 

Marginal,  sub| 

|n,at  length  ( 

Trunks,  &( 

'vania.  Mull 

bside  the  isid 

(he  latter  is  p 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


25 


y  from  a  centre, 
ichenogr.  p.  56. 


)liaceous  thallus 

subpedicellate, 

gonimous  layer 

;d  from  abortio: 

d,  at  length  de^ 
medullary  layer 
ellate  ;  fibrillose 

mt ;  apoth.  some 

lane.  — Sp.  26- 

into  a  conglon; 
Hose  (rarely  oi 
•ix. 

ampent,  at  fir; 
rvith  the  allele 
luding  the  ma; 
,  at  length  ere 
irillose  hypotk/; 

t,  somewhat  co; 
;  waxy,  thickist 
lyllous,  roumk 
;ed  on  a  spoiii;; 

part  two- forme:! 
rom  the  thalli' 
er  from  the  I 
waxy.     Th^! 
a  common  1 
jte  in  a  subgra: 


Sect.  III.  Thallus  crustaceous,  lobed  at  the  circumference,  or  wholly 
squam,  ose-effigurate.  Hypothallus  smooth,  adnate  to  the  ma- 
trix,  often  confused  with  the  thallus. 

Subsect.  VI    Placodiitm,  Fr.  _  Apothecia  plano-scutelliform,  elevat- 
ed   d.sk  w.thout  proper  margin,  naked.      Thallus  as  above 
(ihalline  margm  often  colored  like  the  disk.)  -  -So  42-47 

Subsect.  VII.  Psora,  Fr.  _  Apothecia  innate,  at  first  somewhat  u'r- 
ceolate,  afterwards  scutelliform.  Disk  with  a  proper  margin 
(visible  at  least  in  the  younger  apothecia),  normally  at  first 
cajsious-pruinose.     Thallus  as  above.  —  Sp.  48  -  50. 

Sect  IV    Thallus  crustaceous,  uniform.     Circumference  similar,  or 

the  hypothallus  sometimes  fibrillose-radiant. 
Subsect.  yriI.PAXELi.ARiA,  Fr.  _  Apothecia   regular,  scutelliform, 
sessile    the  thalline  margin  persistent.      Lamina  of  the  disk 
somewhat  plane,  without  proper  margin.     Thallus  crustaceous, 
adnate  to  an  mdeterminate,  mostly  black  hypothallus.    Disk  not 
ca?sious-pruinose.  —  Sp.  51-66. 
Subsect.  IX.  Urceolaria,  Fr.  -  Apothecia  innate  in  the  crust,  or 
immersed  m  protuberant  warts.     Lamina  urceolate,  or  protu- 
berant,  verruciform,  blackish,  normally  ca^sious-pruinose,  mar- 
gmate     1  ha  lus  crustaceous  ;  the  whitish  hypothaHus  confused 
with  the  thallus,  or  often  fibrillose  and  radiant.  -Sp.  67-70. 

j  Sect.  I.    The  fibrillose  hypothallus  adnate  to  the  foliaceous  thallus. 
Subsect.  I.    Imbricaria,  Fr. 
Series  1.     Gl  auc  es  cent  es ,   Fr. 
1.  P.  crinila  Ach.    Thallus  submembranaceous,  subo^bicular,  glau- 
3us.fuscescent  (the  whole  thallus,  as  well  as  the  apothec.,  beset  with 
^H.o,d  granules  and  br.nchlets)  ;  black  and  somewhat  smooth  on  the 
puler  s,dc,and  here  and  there  black-fibrillose  ;  lobes  plane,  with  some- 
at  ascendant,  erose-crenate,  ciliate  margins  ;  apothecia  (imperforate) 
rg,nal,subped,cellate,cyathiform,  with  a  thin,  inflexed,crenulate  mar- 
';,  t  length  exp  anate,  large.  Ach.  !  Syn.  p.  190.  P.  perforata,  (i.  Fr. 

l^^        f-A^r  '^P'"'  '"  ^'  '"'''^'^'^"^  ^^  other  differences 
M    the  .s.d.o.d  efflorescence  to  distinguish  this  from  P.  perforata 
ftie  latter  is  perfectly  normal  with  us. 

4 


26 


Lie  BENE S    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


I     I 


I        I 


T 


••j: 


2.  P.  perforata,  Ach.     Th.  membranaceous,  smooth,  greenish-glau. 
cescent ;  on  the  under  side  black,  with  dark  fibres  ;  lobes  rounded,  as- 
cendant, subcrenate,  ciliate  ;  apoth.  large,  rufous,  elevated,  infundibu* 
liform  ;  disk  perforate,  at  length  explanate,  margin  very  entire.    Fr.. 
Lichenogr.  p.  58. 

Trees,  particularly  on  the  coast,  luxuriant  and  fertile.  Also  onl 
stones,  &c.,  in  sterile  states.  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  (from  Bartraraj 
and  Mitchell),  Dill.,  the  original  stations  of  the  Lichen.  New  Engl 
land.   New  York,  Ibrre?/.    Northwest  Coast,  JIfenzies  (Herb.  Smith!) 

3.  P.  perlata,  Ach,  Th.  submembranaceous,  suborbicular,  greenj 
ish-glaucous ;  on  the  under  side  blackish-fuscous,  scarcely  fibrillosej 
lobes  rounded,  plane,  not  ciliate;  apoth.  elevated,  dark  red,  cyathi! 
form,  at  length  explanate,  margin  thin,  entire.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  59,j 
—  /5.  olivetorum,  Ach. ;  margins  of  the  lobes  elevated,  crisped,  whitel 
pulverulent.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  198. 

Trunks  and  rocks  in  mountainous  districts,  fertile  ;  and  com.mon  alsi 
in  sterile  forms  ;  New  England.     New  York,  HaUey. 

4.  P.  scortea,  Ach.  Th.  subcoriaceous,  orbicular,  smooth,  glaucousj 
white  ;  on  the  under  side  black,  hispid-fibrillose  ;  lobes  longish,  sm 
ate-crenate,  incised ;  apotti.  rufous- fuscous,  margin  somewhat  entir 
Ach.  Syn.  p.  197. 

Stones  and  trunks,  fertile  ;  New  England.  New  York,  HalseA 
Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Less  common  than  the  next,  with  which  Friej 
unites  it, 

5.  P.  tiliacea,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  orbicular,  smootbislj 
glaucous-cinerascent ;  on  the  under  side  blackish-fuscous,  with  blad 
fibres  ;  lobes  sinuate-laciniate,  the  external  ones  rounded,  crenatej 
apoth.  subfuscous,  margin  very  entire.     Ach.  Syn.  p.  199. 

Trunks,  fertile,  very  common;  New  England.  New  York,  HaM 
Pennsylvania,  Muhl.     Nova  Scotia,  Menziea  ! 

6.  P.  Borreri,  Turn.  Th.  cartilagineous-membranaceous,  orbicl 
lar,  smoothish,  glaucous-cinerascent  (with  round,  marginate  sorediai 
on  the  under  side  fuscescent,  fuscous-fibrillose  ;  lacinise  rounded  at  t 
apices,  naked  ;  apoth.  chestnut,  margin  inflexed,  entire.  Fr.  Licha 
ogr.  p.  CO.  —  (5.  rudecfa,  Tuckerm. ;  soredia  immarginate  ;  the  wli(J 
thallus  beset  with  isidioid  granules  and  branchlets.  P.  rudecta,  Ack 
Syn.  p.  197. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


27 


nd  common  ali 


.clMl 


hlva„,a  «,/,/  The  a™n,orphou,  development  called  by  Sommerfel, 
lecdea  Parmclmrum,  and  referred  by  Acharius  ,o  Endocarpon,  „ccu« 
^ot  unfrequently  in  this  species,  as  well  as  in  the  next. 

7.  P.  ,a.atili,,  Ach  Th.  subcartilagineous,  rsticulate-lacunose, 
|1  .cous.c,„erasce„t;  black  and  fibrillose  beneath;  lacinit,.  sinuate- 
>ed,  plane  subretuse;  opoth.  dark-chestnut,  margin  at  length  ore- 
late.   F.  Lukenojr.  p.  61.  _  „  ;  ,„,;„;,  ■         ,         ,^^      » 

over.  Ack.Uche.ogr.  p.  m.  - (>.  ros.fir^U,  Ach. ;  th.  orbiLula 
*es  w,der  besprinkled  commonly  „lth  elongated,  margina.e  soredia  • 
both,  stealer,  ess  explanate.  Ack.  I.  c.  f.  471.-,.  olfUloic,  Fr  • 
b.   n,oo,h,sh,  sh,„,„g,  dark  purplish-fuscous,  lacini.  subfruncate.    F 
.tchmogr.  p.  62.    Panndia  ompMcdes,  Ack.  Sfn.  p  203 
Eocks  and  stones  and,  somewhat  less  commonly,  on  tre^s  and  rails, 
rl  1    ;  New  England.     New  York,   Torre,.     Pennsylvania,  Muh 
orthward  to  Arctic  America,  Rick.-,.  Arctic  America. 
8.  P.  alcuriles    Ach.     Th.  membranaceous,  orbicular,  contiguous 
Je,  w,,h  fuscous  fibres ;  lobes  discrete  at  the  circumference,  plane 

M"cr;.t: """  '"'■'--' "-- "  '-^'^ — '- 

Dead  wood,  and  firs,  in  mountainous  districts,  fertile;  and  on  rocks, 

{  V  ,,"="'"  '■'''"'  '^  "'^^  ^O"""""  <">  rails,  ic,  on  the  coast 
e.v  England  New  York,  Hakcj.  Fries  refers  to  this  species  le 
i  ohesm,  MM.  Catal.,  and  Ach.  Syn.  p.  213. 

9.  P.  l..igatn   Ach.      Th.  membranaceous,  suborbicular,  smooth 

.^r,  plane,  cut,  d.var.cale  (often  sorediiferous)  ;  apoth.   chestnut 
irgin  very  entire.  Ack.  Sjn.  p.  213.  '  '="<'^'"">.  • 

Trunks  (very  common  on  beech  in  mountainous  districts),  fertile. 

It!  I'T',  ^"^^  ^''-  '"""'""•^'^■^'^oos,  suborbicular,  smooth 
descent;  black,  and  fibrillose  on  the  under  side;  laciniL  line  r 
er  at  the  crcumference,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  sin:,es  wide,  1-' 
.  a_po,h.^som„wha.  plane,  fuscous,  margin  thin,  very  enti,.,'TI 

fl-™nks  t  nd  rocks.    Nova  Scotia,  Ack.     Fries  and  Meyer  refer  this 
J  .he  last  to  a  single  species,  but  Borrcr  regards  them  dLnc. 


28 


LICHENE3    or    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


3*4 


11.  p.  terehrata,  Mart.  Th.  somewhat  inflated,  suborbicular,  green- 
ish-glaucescent;  plicate-nigose  and  black  on  the  underside;  lacinia 
radiant,  approximate,  plane-appressed,  sublinear  (often  sored iiferous), 
with  small,  regular,  rounded  perforations ;  apoth.  scattered,  plane,  red, 

-/^  margin  very  entire.    Mart.  Fl.  Crypt.  Erlang.   P.  diatrypa^  Ach.  Syn. 

p.  219.   Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I  c. 

Trunks  in  mountain  forests,  frequent,  and  rocks,  fertile  ;  New  Eng- 
land 

12.  ?.  physodes,  Ach.  Th,  somewhat  inflated,  suborbicular,  glau-l 
cous-white  ;  black-fuscous  and  naked  on  the  under  side  ;  lacinia;  loose-j 
ly  imbricate,  linear,  sinuate-multifid,  somewhat  convex  ;  apoth.  elevated,^ 
reddish-fuscous,  with  an  infiexed,  entire  margin,  at  length  explanate. 
Ach.  Syn.  p.  218.  —  /5.  erderomorpha,  Tuckerm. ;  lacinifi.  effuse,  lax, 
somewhat  elongated,  ventricose-inflated  ;  apoth.  subpedicellate,  ventri. 
cose-cyathiform,  at  length  explanate,  very  entire.  P.  enteromorpha. 
Ach.  !  Syn.  p.  219.    P.  platycarpa,  Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

Trunks,  dead  wood,  and  rocks,  fertile  ;  New  England.     New  York 
Torrey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl     North  to  Arctic  America,  Rich.  ■ 
firs  and  other  trees  in  high  mountain  forests.     Northwest  Coast,  Mein 
zies  !  Douglas  in  herb.  Hook.  !     Mountains  of  New  England,  fertile^ 
and  evidently  passing  into  a. 

13.  P.  colpodes,  Ach.  Th.  somewhat  inflated,  suborbicular,  greenl 
ish-glaucescent ;  black  and  spongy  on  the  under  side ;  lacinite  some| 
what  plane,  at  the  circumference  ramose-multifid,  with  irregularly  denj 

^       tate  margins ;  apoth.  elevated,  chestnut,  margin  infiexed,  entire.  Swari^ 
Lich.  Amer.  p.  4,  &  t.  3.    Ach.  !  Syn.  p.  219. 

Trunks.  Near  Boston,  Swartz  (the  original  station  of  the  Lichen)! 
Throughout  New  England,  common  and  fertile.  New  York,  Hakjf 
Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

Series  2.    Oliv  aceo  -fu  sctB,  Fr. 

14.  P.  olivacea,  Ach.     Th.  membranaceous,  orbicular,  smooth, 
wulose  (elevated-punctate,  or  granulate-farinose),  olivaceous-fuscousj 

^        paler  and  subfibrillose  on  the  under  side  ;  lobes  radiant,  appressej 
plane,  rounded,  crenate  ;  apoth.  dark-olive,  with  an  infiexed,  at  leng 
crenate  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  66. 

Trees  in  mountainous  districts,  fertile  ;  also  degenerant  on  dead  wo 
and  stones;  New  England.   New  York,  Torrey.    Pennsylvania,  JlfuAlj 
Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 


$  at  the  ap: 
/5.  lanala. 
nigrescen 
fp.  231.  . 
Alpine 
Mountuins 
ica,  R.  1 
America, 


17.  P., 

(or  granu 
and  sparii 
entire  at  i 
gose-crem 
Trunks 
York,  Tor 
North  to  I 

18.  P. 
ished  (oft( 
black-fibril 
the  circun 
Fr.  Lichej 
ear,  pinnat 

Rocks  i 
apothecia ; 
North  to  I\ 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


29 


)rbicu1ar,  green- 
er side ;  laciniae 
1  sorediiferous),    -| 
3red,  plane,  red,  | 
rypa.^  Ach.  Sy% 

tile  ;  New  Eng- 

borbicular,  glau-^ 
3 ;  lacinia;  loose- 
apoth.  elevated,  'k 
3ngth  explanate. 
jinift  efTuse,  lax, 
dicellate,  ventri> 
'.  enteromorpha.  ^^ 
J.  E.  I  c. 
nd.     New  Yorli 
irica,  Rich.  — jjJ 
vest  Coast,  Mn- 
England,  fertile.l. 

orbicular,  green- 

;  laciniae  some, 

1  irregularly  deDl 

i,  entire.  Swarli 

I  of  the  LichenI 
w  York,  Hahm 


liar,  smooth,  rii 
vaceous-fuscousi 
diant,  appressel 
iflexed,  at  leng 

int  on  dead  wo 
sylvania,  MuMl 


15.  P.  Fahhinensis,  Ach.  Th.  siibcartilagineous,  smoothish,  from 
dark-olive  becoming  blackish ;  on  the  under  side  paler,  subfibrillose  ; 
laciniiL'  digitate-multifid,  somewhat  plane,  subcanaliculate  ;  apoth.  dark- 
fuscous,  crenulate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  66.  —  /?.  sciastra,  Fr. ;  smaller, 
orbicular  ;  apoth.  subentire.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  67.  Parmelia,  Ach. 

Alpine  and  subalpine  rocks,  and  occurring  also  at  lower  elevations 
|in  mountainous  districts.  White  Mountains  ;  Chin  of  Mansfield,  and 
[other  of  the  Green  Mountains ;  fertile.  Northward  to  Newfoundland, 
Pijlaie,  and  Arctic  America,  Rich.  —  /5,  Greenland,  Dill. 

16.  P.  stijgia,  Ach.     Th,  subcartilagineous,  shining,  from   oliva- 
'  ceous-fuscous  becoming  black  ;  very  black  on  the  under  side  and  ob- 

soletely  fibrillose  ;  laciniae  palmate-multifid,  sublinear,  convex,  recurved 

at  the  apices  ;  apoth.  fuscous-black,  crenate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  67. 

/?.  lanata,  Mey. ;  lacinice  setaceous,  filiform,  t..-i3,  intricate,  fuscous- 
nigrescent;  apoth.  subgranulate-marginate,  Mey.  Entioick.  der  Flecht. 
\p.  231,    Fr.  I.  c.  p.  68.    Cornicularia  lanata,  Ach.  Stjn.  p.  302. 

Alpine  and  subalpine  rocks.  White  Mountains  and  the  higher  Green 
Mountains.  Northward  to  Newfoundland,  Pylaie,  and  Arctic  Amer- 
ica,  R.  Br.  —  ^,  White  Mountains,  infertile.  Northward  to  Arctic 
America,  Hook.    Melville  Island,  R.  Br. 

I  Series  3.     O  chroleuccs,   Fr. 

17.  P.  caperafa,  Ach.  Th.  submembranaceous,  orbicular,  rugose 
(or  granulose.pulverulent),  ochroleucous  ;  on  the  under  side  blackish 
and  sparingly  fibrillose  ;  lobes  sinuate-laciniate,  rounded,  somewhat 
entire  at  the  apices  ;  apoth,  fuscous-red,  margin  tumid-incurved,  ru- 
gose-crenate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  69. 

Trunks  and  stones,  not  commonly  fertile  ;  New  England.  New 
York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Westward  to  Illinois,  Russell ! 
North  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

18.  P.  conspersa,  Ach.  Th.  submembranaceous,  smoothish,  poI- 
ished  (oftener  black-punctate),  greenish-straw-colored  ;  fuscous  and 
black-fibrillose  beneath;  laciniae  variously  flexuous,  somewhat  plane  at 
the  circumference,  sinuate;  apoth.  dark-chestnut,  margin  subentire. 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  69.  —  /?.  sfenophylla,  Ach.  ;  laciniae  elongated,  lin- 
ear, pinnatifid,  imbricate-complicate.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  209. 

Rocks  and  stones,  commonly  remarkable  for  its  very  numerous 
apothecia ;  New  England,  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  3Iuhl. 
North  to  Arctic  America,  Rich.     Degenerate  on  rails,  &c. 


30 


LICHENrS    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


t 


19.  P.  incurva,  Fr.    Th.  cartilagineous-membranaceous,  stellate-inj. 
bricate,globuliferous,greenish-straw.coIored  (and  ochroleucous) ;  black  1 
and  fibrillose  on  the  under  side  ;  lacinioe  very  narrow,  muhifid,  suble-  1 
rete,  recurved  at  the  apices  ;   apoth.  rufous-fuscous,  subentire.    Fr.  i 
Lichenogr.  p.  70.     P.  recurva,  Ach. 

Rocks  in  mountainous  districts  (subalpine,  and  descending).     White 
Mountains  ;  fertile. 

-y.  20.  P.  ambigua,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  orbicular,  stellate-im- 
bricate,  farinose-sorediiferous,  greenish-straw-colored  (and  ochroleu- 
cous) ;  black  and  fibrillose  on  the  under  side  ;  lacinia)  plane,  linear, 
appressed,  muhifid  ;  apoth.  adnate,  rufous-fuscous,  very  entire.  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  71. 

Trunks  and  dead  wood  in  mountainous  districts,  fertile  ;  and  on 
rocks,  infertile  ;  White  Mountains.  Northward  to  Arctic  America, 
Rich. 

21.  P.  centrifuga,  Ach.  Th,  submembranaceous,  suborbicular, 
greonish-straw-colored  (and  ochroleucous) ;  white  and  fibrillose  on  the 
under  side  (the  crust-like  centre  often  falling  away,  and  leavintr  a  con- 
centrically disposed  circumference) ;  laciniae  linear,  concrete,  convex, 
rugose  ;  apoth.  rufous-fuscous,  margin  subentire.  Fr. !  Lichenogr.  p.  71. 

Rocks  (subalpine  and  descending)  in  mountainous  districts,  fertile ; 
New  England.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  North- 
ward to  Newfoundland,  Herb.  Banks!  Pylaie.  An  ochroleucous, 
black-punctate,  not  concentrically  disposed  state  is  P.  Halseyana, 
Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  1.  c.  It  occurs  in  the  Notch  of  the  White 
Mountains. 

Series  4.  Citrince,  Fr. 
-f  22.  P.  parietina,  Fr.  Th.  foliaceous  or  squamulose,  imbricate,  mem- 
branaceous, sublobate,  yellow  ;  paler  and  obsoletely  fibrillose  on  the  un- 
der  side  ;  apothecia  with  elevated  margins,  very  entire.  Fr.  Licheno'^r.  p. 
72.  —  M.  (foUacea),  Fr. ;  th.  foliaceous,  from  greenish  becoming  bright 
yellow;  lobes  explanate,  appressed.  P.  parietina,  Ach.  — ^.  aureola, 
Fr. ;  th.  foliaceous,  somewhat  zoned  and  subcentrifugal,  dark-golden- 
yellow  ;  lobes  concrete,  plicate-ramose.  P.  aureola,  Ach.  —y.  rutilans, 
Fr. ;  th.  foliaceous-subcrustaceous,  imbricate-complicate,  irregularly  la- 
ciniate.  P.  rutilans,  Ach.  —  S.  laciniosa,  Duf. ;  th.  naVed,  lacerate-dis- 
V-  sected,  squamulose  ;  laciniiE  ascending,  naked.  —  «.  polycarpa,  Fr. ; 
th.  smaller,  conglomerate ;  the  lobes  complicated,  and  covered  with  the 


% 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


31 


JUS,  stellate-im- 
eucous) ;  black 
muhifid,  subte- 
subentire.    Fr. 

iding).    White 

ar,  stellate-im- 
(and  ochroleu- 
2  plane,  linear, 
ry  entire.   Fr, 

jrtile  ;  and  on 
•ctic  America, 

suborbicular, 
brillose  on  the 
leaving  a  con- 
icrete,  convex, 
chenogr.  p.  71. 
stricts,  fertile ; 
\Iuhl.  Norlh- 
ochroleucous, 
?*.  Halseyana, 
of  the  White 


bricate,  mem- 
ose  on  the  un- 
Lichenogr.  p, 
coming  bright 

—  /?.  aureola, 
,  dark-goiden- 

—  y.  rutilanSy 
irregularly  la- 
,  lacerate-dis- 
^ycarpa,  Fr. ; 
ered  with  the 


jvpry  numerous  apothccia.  Lecanora  caudelaris,  /?.  Ach.  —  J,  lohulata, 

Fr. ;   th.  obli'crated,  or  consisting  only  of  very  short,  scattered,  ap- 

[pressed  lobules,  with  small  apothecia.  — ij.  substellata,  Ach.;  th.  folia- 

jceous,  sMbstellate,  lacerate-laciniate,  lacininc  expanded,  pulverulent. 

]{>.  coucolor,  Fr. ;  th.  pulverulent,  squamulose,  lacerate-laciniate,  scales 
crowded,  ascendant.  Lecan.  cavhJaris,  «.  Arh.  —  i.  cilrijiclla,  Fr.  ; 
the  whole  thalius  dissolved  into  a  yellowish-green  dust. 

Very  common  :  «,  on  trunks,  rocks,  &c. ;  /?,  on  rocks  and  stones 
[(especially  maritime), exposed  to  the  sun;  y  and  <J,  on  trunks,  exposed 
j  to  the  sun  ;  i  and  ^,  on  the  smaller  branches  and  twigs  of  trees  ;  jj  and 
L&,  on  smooth  bark,  the  last  also  common  on  dead  wood  ;  /,  on  bark  and 
dead  wood  in  moist  places  ;  New  England.    New  York  {y  and  v?),  Hal- 
seij.     Pennsylvania  (^),  Muld.    Ohio  («),  Mr.  Lea  !     Illinois  («),  Rus- 
jse//.'     Northward  to  Nova  Scotia  (^),  Menzies  !   Newfoundland  («), 
iPylaie,  and   Arctic   America   (s  and  &),  Rich,  f      I   have  adopted 
Fries's  view  of  the  European  species  nearly  entire.     He  remarks  that 
he  has  distinguished  and  enumerated  these  forms,  not  so  much  on  ac- 
count of  their  importance  as  distinct  states,  as  to  furnish  an  example, 
that  can  almost  everywhere  be  authenticated,  of  the  extremely  Protean 
character  of  the  thalius  of  Lichens. 

23.  P.  diversicolor,  Ach.  Th.  suborbicular,  yellowish-orange-red 
(becoming  whitish  with  age),  of  rather  narrow,  somewhat  lacerate-ra- 
mose,  rugose,  at  length  concrete  lacinioc  ;  white-cinerascent,  with  fibres 
of  the  same  color  beneath ;  apoth  numerous,  concave,  blackish-san- 
guineous, margin  thick,  at  length  white.  Ach.  Sijn.  p.  210. 

Arctic  America,  and  southward,  Ach. 

24.  P.  chrysophthalma,  Ach.  Th.  subfoliaceous,  cartilagineous- 
membranaceous,  lacerate-ramose,  from  dark  reddish-yellow  becoming 
whitibh ;  on  the  under  side  whitish,  and  fibrillose  at  the  margins ;  la- 
cmia;  depressed-subascendant,  plano-convex,  pinnatifid ;  apoth.  dark- 
orange,  fibrillose-ciliate  or  naked.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  75.  Borrera, 
Ach.  —  (i.  exilis,  Fr.  ;  lacinioe  very  narrow;  margins  of  the  apothecia 
naked.    Fr.  I.  c.    Borrera,  Ach. 

Trunks  and  branches  of  trees  near  the  coast,  and  luxuriant  in  places 
exposed  to  the  sea-spray  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Torrey  (at  New- 
hurgh,  Russell !).     Pennsylvania,  ilfji./jZ.     Illinois,  /?M55e?/ .' 


^ 


32 


i-i«  iiKNi'.s  or  Tim  nortiikhn  statks 


-h 


t 

.  If, 


Hlll)H('C,t.    II.        I'llVSCIA,    I'V. 

'4'     'jr».   v.  rilidris,  Adi.     'riiallns  (•iirtiliif,niic(.iis,  Cnim  i^'rcfii  becoming 
f^laiK'diis  ;    Inciiiiii'  liiiriu-,  rmjinsr!,  siilmscondaiil,  clmiiiKillcd    luuioulIi.L 
cilialc  Willi  siin|»li'   (il.ics  ;   a|)oili(.,i,i  sulMcrmitial,  podiccllafo,  mari,'inl 

civci,  at  h)w^\U  h ratc-tlciiiai(!,  rimhrialc,  or  (.l)lilcnilc<l  in  foliaccuiis 

braiiclu's;  disk  |)laii<>,  black,  •^Ml)|iriiiiHisc.    J'r.  LirliriKn^r.  p.ll.    Hi,,--  d 
rem,  Arh.~(i.  i:itl(trl(,j,li,/l/,i,'Vurkrviiu;  umn;  d.dicato  ;  tlio  lac.iiiiii   | 
very  'vliilo  and  powdory  iK'iicall)  ;  inar^'iiis  of  tlio  .ipotlit-cia  at  Ictif^lli 
ohlili-iatcd   in   loliafcoiis  c.xiinnHiuiis ;  disk  vvliilcpniinosc.   P.  ^a.'arlo- 
V-  p/ii.'l/d,  W'illd.  Iirrh.  !  —  y.    (in^iishi/n,  Tnckcrni. ;    lacinia;  cxtrcnu'h 
narrow,  ttf  nearly  llit;  saino  color   htMicatli,  KiibtCMX-to  at  tlic  apices  - 
liorrtra  aiii^iisldln,  Itori/  ms. 

TrcM's,  Now  Kii^land  (,•/),  raw.     iv.    •  York,  Torreij.     PennsY!v!i.| 
Ilia  (;?),  ]\fiili/.  !  and  sonlluvard,  wl  '•••c  fl  -    ;onimon.     North  to  Arctic  I 
America,    «/,//.  —  ;',  Ninvlonndlai        i.      ,    in    liorh.    iJurol.  !    Rocky  I 
Moinilains,  llrrh.  Honk.  !     \\  Irucomrla,  A<-h.,  n  species  near  this,  bull 
with  narrow,  ascendant  lac.inia-,  and  tomentosc  inargin-'l  ni)res,  occurs! 
in  the  Carolinas,  vl//,/,,r,  /  i,i„|  (.'alilbrnia,  jlAvc/r.s'/  and   \\  ('rinacea\ 
l''r.,  wilb   laccrale-K'winiale,  dllliise  lobes,  whicii  ar(!  ciliate,  and   beset 
ab()V(>  wilb  v(-ry  Ion;.'  wbiiisli  Tibres,  in  (California,  Mctnirn  ! 

ii(».  P.  iltliiiisd,  Vr.  'I'll,  carlilajiincoiis, snbstidlalc,  iial  (I,  <r!aucoiis- 
fnscesccnt  (and  fiiscons)  ;  wiiilish  v.i\  iho  nnder  side  with  black  fibres; 
lacinia'  narrow,  linear,  somewhat  convex,  digitatti-mnltirid,  often  semi- 
terete,  very  d«Misely  crowded  l()i,relh(>r  and  imbricated  ;  apoth.  subses- 
sile,  margin  at  length  crenate,  and  leafy,  disk  plane,  becoming  dark- 
fnscoiis.  /•/•.  .V//.S7.  Orh.  X'ci;.  fide  ipsiiis.  P.  Niw<c  uiiigluc,  Tnckem. 
in  lilt,  oliiii.     /'.  aquila,  Muhl.  Catnl 

Hocks  and  trees,  Now  Mngland.  Ohio,  Mr.  Lea  !  Near  to  V.  aciui- 
'  -      1  have  not  seen  l-'ries's  description. 

M7.  1'.  piilrrnilrntd,  l-'r.  'i'h.  carlilagineons,  substellafo,  pruinosc- 
cmiMeoiis;  blacken  the  nnder  side  and  liispid-tomentose  ;  laciniic  lin- 
ear, mnllilid,  approximate;  apolh.  sessile,  margin  tumid,  entire,  or 
stinamulose-folii.se,  disk  plane,  black-fiiscous.  snbprninose.  Fr.  Licit- 
viioir,:  I'.  7S).  P.  piilrrnilrntd,  rrmistd,  <S-  inusrii^nui,  Ach. — jS.  hu- 
('ol('ii>trs\  Tnckerm.  ;  the  whole  thallus  white-farinose-pruinose,  lobos 
raitiant,  margins  interrnptedly  inlhvxed  and  pulverulent ;  apoih.  sub- 
sessile,  disk  tlepressed,  whitc-pniiiiose,  margin  subduplicate,  the  ex- 


ternal  border  folios,"  or  ent 


ire.    Lichen  Icucolciplcs,  Mulih  in  hcrh. 


%■ 


ANI»    nillTrSM     AMKKICA. 


'A?, 


IWill'l.f    l\  rniiisfa,    lla/s.  Sf  AucL  Amer.     l\  pnh^crulcnla,  Muhl. 

\Turkrnn.  Lirh.  .V.  /■;.  /.  c. 

Trunks,  nxiks,  aiicl  upon  mosses;  Hear  Lake  and  clscvvliorc  in 
[Arctic  AiiKjricn,  Rich.  (Ilerl).  Ifook.  !).  —  ^,  trunks  and  rocks;  Now 
|Eiii,'liin(i  to  rt'iiiisylvania  !  oflun  i-sidioid-eillorescont. 

2W.  \\  hijpoJrucn,  Miihl.  Tli.  cartilagineous,  snbstcllafo,  glabrous, 
[naked,  glaucous-vircscenf,  (and  white)  ;  very  white  on  tiie  under  side, 
fwidi  s.-altered  Mack  flhrns  ;  lacinia>  suhhnear,  ai)[)roximate,  imhricufrs 

nmllifid,  |)lano-convox,  margins  naked;  upoth.  elevated,  disk  at  length 
jhlaek,  naked,  with  an  inflexeil,  cremilate   or  foliose    margin.    Miili/. 

Calf,/,  p.  J  05,  c|f.  Enlnn  Man.  Bol.  p.  5  Hi.  Tndcrrm.  FurUier  Ennm. 
j/.  c.     r.  spcciosa,  ,?,  /iijpokuca,  Ac/i.  !  Sj/n.  p.'ZU. 

'J'runks,  (irtile.    remisylvania,  Muhl.  !  and  northward  to  New  En^r. 

land. 

ii9.  v.  sprciosd,  Ach.     Tli.  cartilagineous-memhranaccous,  suhstel- 
llate,  glabrous,  greenish-glaucous  (and  white) ;  very  white  beneath,  with 
numerous  pale  fibres;  lacinia)  linear,  somewhat  concavo-plane,  imbri- 
|c!!ie,  incised-ramose,  crenate,  eiliate-fd)rillose,  margins  often  ascend- 
ant, greeu-i)ulverulent ;  '  apoth.  subsessile,  margin  incurved,  crenate, 
I  disk  rufous-fuscous,  nearly  naked.'    Fr.  Lichcnogr.  p.  NO. 

Trunks  and  mossy  roc'-r,  in  woods,  infertile;  New  England.  Fenn- 
I  .sylvania,  Mii/il. 

;W.  P.  roiigrurn.s,  Ach.  Th.  coriaccous-mendjranaccous,  whitish- 
jpallescent;  on  the  under  side  cinercous-fuscescent,  wiih  fibres  of  the 
[same  color;  laciniie  la.xly-imbricatc,  flexuous,  mullifid,  recurved  at  the 
I  margins,  convex,  becoming  more  plane  in  the  circumference,  crenate  ; 

apolh,  elevated,  concave,  livid-fusccscent,  subpruinose,  with  a  tliin,  in- 
I  flexed,  at  length    rtexuous  margin.     Ach.  Lichcnogr.  p.  '191.    Swariz 

Lii-li.  Aiiirr.  p.  5  iS,-  /.  4.    Ach.  Si/n.  p.  207. 
Trunks,  New  England  ;   Swariz,  I.  e.      1   have  a    Lichen   from  the 

While  ^fountains  resembling  this,  e.xcept  that  the  under  side  as  well  as 

the  lihres  are  black. 

;U.  I',  sicl/nrh,  Wallr.  Th.  subcartilagineous,  naked,  not  pruinose, 
glmicesc(«nt ;  whitish  on  the  -nder  side,  with  dark  fibres  ;  lacinia>  sub- 
Ii!i«")r,  multifid;  apolh.  sessile,  disk  fuscous-black,  subi)ruinosc,  margin 
somewhat  tumid,  subentire.  Fr.  Lichemgr.  p.  82.  -  «.  {slcnari-expan- 
■V'O,  1m'.  ;  th.  siellate-expan.le.1,  fibres  shorter.   Fr.  1.  c    P.  siclhrh,  nipo- 


-^ 


f 


34 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


-/*      Ua,  S,' anthelina,Arh.—i3.  hispida,  Ft.  ;  lacinite  ascendant,  hispid  on  1 
the  margins,  or  tubulose-inflated.  Fr.  /.  c.  Borrera  tenella,  Ach.  —y.\ 
{tribracia),  Fr. ;   laciniae  ascendant,  squamulose,  sparingly  librillose, 
pulverulent  at  the  apices.  Fr.  I.  c.    Lccanora  Irihracia,  Ach.  part. 

Trunks,  dead  wood,  and  rocks,  very  common;  New  England.  New| 
York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Illinois,  Russell!  Northward] 
to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

32.  P.  C(psia,  Ach.   Th.  subcrustaceous-membranaceous,  substellate,' 
gray  (and  cinerascent),  besprinkled  with  gray  soredia ;  pale  on  the  un- 
der side;  lacinifc  linear,  somewhat  convex,  subpinnatifid,  ciliatc-iibril-i 
lose;   apoth.  sessile,  margin  thin,  somewhat  inflexcd,  entire,  disk  at) 
length  naked,  black.  Fr.  Lichenogr.p.  S3.  —  «.  (.stellata),  Fr. ;  lacinia?i 
stellate-expanded,  fibres  shorter,  soredia  regular;  P.  ccBsia,  Ach.;  andj 
the  lacinifc  sometimes  very  narrow.   Fr.  I.  c.  P.  duhia,  FJ.  —  .6.  {squa- 
mulosa),  Fr.  ;   lacinire  squamulose,  short,  obsoletely  librillose.    Fr.  I.  c. 
Lecanora  tribracia,  Ach.  part. 

Rocks,  stones,  and  dead  wood,  fertile;  New  England.  New  York,, 
Halsey.     Pe<  '•  ylvania,  Muhl. 

33.  P.  obscura,  Fr.     Th.  submcmbranaceous,  orbicular,  not  prui- 
nose,  greenish,  becoming  livid-fuscous  when  dry;  black  and  fibrillosei 

S,  on  the  under  side  ;  lacinioe  sublinear,  somewhat  plane,  incised-multifid 

. — ■"  (often  sorediiferous,  or  the  margins  pulverulent)  ;  apoth.  sessile,  very 

entire,  disk  naked  from  the  first,  black-fuscous.   Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  84. 

P.  cychselis,  Ach.  —  (i.  ulolhrix,  Fr. ;  lacinia)  linear,  subciliate,  apoth, 

librillose  below.  Fr.  I.  c.    P.  uJothrix,  Ach. 

Trunks,  dead  wood,  &c.,  and  passing  into  several  degenerate  states; 
New  England.    New  York  («  and  /?),  Halsey.    Pennsylvania  (/5),  Muhl 
Ohio  (/5),  Mr.  Lea  !    Northward  to  Arctic  America  («),  Rich.  —  A  very 
distinct  species  detected  recently  by  Mr.  Oakcs  (P.  Tuckermani,  Oakes 
ms.)  may  be  referred  to  here.     Resembling  generally  small  greenish] 
forms  of  P.  parietina,  this  differs  in  the  foliose-lobate  margins  of  the 
apothecia,  which  are  also  fibrillose  beneath,  as  in  P.  obscura,  p.     It  is 
common  on  trunks  about  Boston  {Oakcs,   Tuckermaii),  and   I    have! 
found  it  on  rocks  at  the  White  Mountains.     It  was  sent  from  Ohio  byl 
the  late  T.  G.  Lea,  Esq.  (Herb.  Russell  !),  and  I  have  North  Carolina! 
specimens  from  Mr.  Curtis.     (What  is  ?.  fibrosa,  Fr.,  referred  to  Iii' 
•    cidentally,  Lich.  pp.  75,  97  .') 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


35 


ndant,  hispid  oni 
lella,  Ach.  —  y.§ 
•ingly  librillose, 
I,  Ach.  part. 
England.    New 
U  !     Northward  | 

lous,  substellate, 
pale  on  the  un- 
fid,  ciliatc-Hbril-j 
entire,  disk  at| 
a),  Fr. ;  lacinieei 
csjfl,  Ach. ;  and  | 
FJ.  — ,'?.  {squa- 
•iUose.    Fr.  I.  c. 

d.     New  York, 

;ular,  not  prui- 
k  and  fibrillosej 
incised-multifid 
ih.  sessile,  very 
chenogr.  p.  84. 
ubciliate,  apoth.j 

generate  states  ;| 
'ania  {^),Muhl:\ 
Rich.  —  Avery 
kernnani,  Oakes 
small  greenish 
margins  of  the 
iscura,  /5.  It  is 
'),  and  I  have! 
t  from  Ohio  by 
North  Carolina  I 
referred   to  iii' 


ISect.  II.     The  subfoliaceous  at   length   subgranulose   thallus   arising 

from  a  fibrillose  hypothallus,  which  is  adnate  to  the  matrix. 

Subsect.  III.    Pyxine,  Tuckerm. 

31.  P.  sorediata,  Tuckerm.  Thallus  subcrustaceous-foliaceous,  la- 
Iciniate-multifid,  from  green  becoming  glaucescent,  and  cinerascent; 
Iblack  on  the  under  side,  and  thickly  clothed  with  greenish-nigrescent 
ifibres;  iacinias  sublinear,  canaliculate,  incised,  obtuse,  irregularly  im- 
jbricate,  and  concrete  at  the  centre  (often  sorediiferous) ;  apothecia  at 
jfirst  pale,  and  concave,  becoming  black,  convex,  and  finally  prolifcr- 
lous-papillate  and  irregular.  Lecidea,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  54.  Tuckerm.  Fur- 
hhcr  ErMtn.  I.  c.  Lichen  alomatus,  Willd.  herb.  !  Pyxine,  Fr.  cit. 
lEschw. 

Trunks,  common  (abundantly  fertile  in  mountain  forests),  and  also 
[on  rocks.;  New  England.  Pennsylvania,  Mw/iZ. .'  Rocky  Mountains, 
Ulerb.  Hook.!  (Southward  to  Texas,!)  I  have  not  seen  the  descrip- 
Ition  of  Fries,  and  am  uncertain  wnether  his  Pyxine  is  founded  on  our 
iNorthern  Lichen  (which  is  probably  what  Acharius  described),  or  on 
Ithe  West  Indian  and  South  American  Lecidea  sorediata  of  Eschweiler. 
jThe  latter  seems  distinct,  and  has  been  separated  as  Circinaria  Berte- 
riana  by  Fee  (Crypt.  Exot.  p.  128).  Our  Lichen  appears  to  me  a 
Imodification  of  Parmelia,  near  to  Amphiloma,  Fr.  The  apothecia 
[have  some  of  the  features  of  those  of  Umbilicaria,  and  illustrate 
Fries's  observation,  that  this  genus  is  related  to  Parmelia. 

Subsect.  IV.     Amphiloma,  Fr. 

35.  P.  ruhiginom,  Ach.    Thallus  membranaceous,  suborbicular,  not 
Ipruinose,  livid-glaucous,  laciniate-multifid  at  the  circumference;   hy- 

pothallus  indeterminate,  tomentose,  bluish-black  ;   apothecia  reddish- 

jbrown,  with  an  incurved,  crenate  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  88. 5. 

cono/j/e«,  Fr. ;  the  centre  of  the  thallus  passing  into  a  bluish,  pulvera- 
ceous-granulose  crust;  '  apothecia  symphycarpeous,  immersed, convex, 
[grnnulose-marginate.'  Fr.  I.  c.    P.  conopJea,  Ach. 

Rocks  and  trunks.     /3  has  occurred  at  the  White  Mountains  ;  and  I 
[have  a  from  the  South. 

36.  P.  Russdlii,  Tuckerm.     Th.  orbicular,  coriaceous-membrana- 
jceous,  minutely  farinose-granulose,  submononhyllous,  irregularly  radi- 

tint,  pule-fuscescont-lead-colored  ;  laciniai  somewhat  ascendant ;  hypoth. 
indeterminate,  of  very  short  white  fibres  becoming  lead-colored  at  the  * 
margins;  apoth.  (central,  very  numerous)  reddish-chestnut  and  nigres- 


i- 


i^  t 


-h 


36 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STAT    X 


cent,  with  a  thick,  inflexed,  at  length  rugose, 'thaliine  margin.    Tuckerm. 
Enum.  Lich.  N.  Amer.  p.  50. 

Trunks  and   dead  wood  ;    Hingham,  Mr.  Russell.     Ipswich,  Mr. 
Oakes. 

37.  P.  Cronia,  Tuckerm.     Th.  orbicular,  membranaceous,  smooth, 
radiant,  submonophyllous,  dark-bluish  becoming  pale-lead-colored  ;  la- 
cinise  plane,  with  elevated,  darker  margins  (beset  with  elevated,  often 
blackish  points,  and   isidioid  branchlets) ;    hypoth.  determinate,  dark  I 
casrulescent. 

Rocks  among  mosses,  common  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts,  and 
resembling  a  CoUema;  infertile.     It  is  very  distinct  from  P.  plumbea. 

38.  P.  lanuginosa,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  -vhite,  pruinose  ;  in 
the  circumference  lobed  and  crenate ;  hypoth.  tomentose,  bluish-black; 
apoth.  riifous-fuscous,  with  a  pulverulent  thaliine  margin.  Fr.  Lichen- 
ogr.  p.  88.  —  /?.  (granulosa),  Fr. ;  thallus,  at  the  centre,  or  mostly,  gran- 
ulose-pulvcrulent.  Fr.  I.  c.  —  *  {leproso-hyssina) ;  the  whole  thallus 
dissolved  into  a  leprous-byssinc  mass.    Fr.  I,  c.    Lepraria,  Ach. 

Rocks  in  the  mountainous  districts  and  on  the  coast  of  New  Eng- 
land  ;   rarely  fertile. 

Subsect.  V.     PsoROBiA,  Fr. 

39.  P.  microphylla,  Stenh.  Scales  of  the  thallus  cartilagincous,  im- 
bricato,  crenate,  livid-cinereous,  compacted  at  length  into  a  cinereous 
crust ;  hypothallus  becoming  black  ;  apothecia  superficial,  disk  fuscous- 
black,  finally  convex,  and  excluding  the  thaliine  margin.  Fr.  Lichen- 
ogr.  p.  90.    Lccidea,  Ach. 

Rocks  in  woods,  fertile  ;  New  England. 

40.  P.  triptophyUa,  Fr.  Scales  of  the  thallus  membranaceous,  livid- 
fuscescent,  at  first  stellate-expanded,  and  lacerate-dissected,  at  length! 
granulose-coralline;  hypoth.  bluish-black;  apoth.  somewhat  immersed, 
disk  rather  plane,  rufous-fuscous,  margin  erect,  persistent.  Fr.  Li- 
chenogr.  p.  91.  —  «.  coronata,  Fr. ;  apoth.  produced  from  the  thallus,! 
with  a  thaliine  margin,  and  either  simple  or  symphycarpeous.  Fr.  I.  c. 
Lecanora  hrunnea,  Ach.  part.  —  /?.  Schraderi,  Schrer. ;  apoth.  pro- 
duced from  the  hypothallus,  plane,  destitute  of  a  thaliine  margin.  Fr. 
I.  r.  =  y.  coraUinoides,  Fr. ;  erust  blackish  from  the  predominant  hy- 
pothallus, squamules  wholly  coralline.    Fr.  I.  c. 

Rocks  in  woods  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Halsetj.  Pennsylva- 
nia, Dill,     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 


46.  P 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


37 


rgin.    Tuckerm, 
Ipswich,  Mr. 

ceous,  smooth, 
id-colored  ;  la-  I 
elevated,  often  § 
erminatc,  dark 


sachusetts,  and 
m  P,  plumbea. 

!,  pruinose  ;  in 
J,  bluish-black; 
1.  Fr.  Lichen- 
ir  mostly,  gran- 
whole  thallug 
'ia,  Ach. 
I  of  New  Eng. 


ilagincous,  im- 
to  a  cinereous 
1,  disk  fuscous- 
I.    Fr.  Lichen- 


inaceous,  livid- 
cted,  at  length  I 
'hat  immersed, 
tent.    Fr.  Li-\ 
)m  the  thallus,  i 
)eous.  Fr.  I  c, 
. ;   apoth.  pro- 
e  margin.    Fr. 
cdominant  by- 


^     Pcnnsylva- 


41.  P.  Hypnorum,  Fr.   Scales  of  the  thallus  minute,  imbricate,  gran- 
iulatc-crcnulate,  somewhat  yellowish-fuscescent ;  pale  on  the  underside* 
■  apoth.  sessile,  dilaied,  disk  membranaceous,  fulvous-fuscescent,  with 
I  an  e'cvated,  granulose,  thalline  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  9S.    Icon 
Laur.  in  Sturm's  FL  t.  18. 

On  the  earth,  growing  over  mosses  a.,  J  twigs,  in  alpine  districts. 
White  Mountains,  frequent  upon  Salix  Uva-Ursi,  on  Mount  Pleasant 
l&c,  fertile.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

Si;ci.  III.    Thallus  crustaceous,  lobate  at  the  circumference,  or  wholly 
squamulose  and  efFigurate. 

Subsect.  VI.     Placodium,  Fr. 

42.  P.  straminea,  Wah!.    Thallus  crustaceous,  plicate-radiose,  straw- 
I colored;    lacinius  convex,  teretish,  contiguous;    apothccia  plane,  red- 
dish-fuscous, with  a  tumid  thalline  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  109. 

Rocks.  Greenland,  Fries.  And  elsewhere  in  Arctic  America, 
Rich. 

43.  P.  saxicola,  Ach.  Th.  cartilagineous,  appressed,  areolate-squam- 
;  ulose,  pale-greenish ;  the  circumference  of  somewiiat  plane,  radiose- 
I  lobate,  concrete  lacinias ;  apoth.  appressed,  disk  yellowish-fulvous,  mar- 
I  gin  thin,  at  length  crcnate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  110.  Lecanora  galacli- 
I  wa,  Ach. 

Rocks  and  stones,  fertile  ;  New  England.     New  York,  Halsey. 

44.  P.  chnjsokuca,  Ach.  Th.  cartilagineous,  subfoliaceous,  crenate- 
loiKite,  grecnish-straw-colored  ;  fuscescent  on  the  under  side  ;  apoth.  ap- 
pressed,  disk  golden-fulvous,  and  dark  orange-red,  with  a  thin,  flexuous, 

I  evanescent  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  113.    Lecanora  ruhina,  Ach. 
Squamaria,  Hojfm.     Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 
Rocks,  New  England.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich.  (Herb 

Hook.!). 

45.  P.  oreina,  Ach.  Th.  crustaceous-adnate,  areolate-verrucoso, 
pale-greenish-straw-colored  ;  at  the  circumference  radiose-lobale,  plane, 
incised,  black-marginate  ;  apoth.  depressed,  disk  somewhat  tumid,  black, 
margin  obtuse,  very  entire.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  1 13.  P.  slraminea,  var. 
Ach.    Met/.     Tuckerm.  Furihcr  Enum.  I.  c. 

Rocks,  throughout  New  England  ;  fertile. 

46.  P.  cicgans,  Ach.     Th.  stcllate-radiose,  appressed,  dark  orange- 


38 


LICIIENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


!     IN 


red,  nuked  on  hulli  sides  ;  luciniic  somewhat  fliscrete,  linear,  convex, 
contiguous,  Hexuous ;  apoth.  of  tlic  same  color,  very  entire.  Fr.  Li- 
chcnogr.  j).  114. 

liocks  and  stones  near  tlie  sea,  fertile  ;  New  England.  Northward 
to  Newfoundland,  Vylav',,  Point  Lake,  &c.,  iiicA.,  and  Melville  Island 
R.  Br. 

47.  1'.  inurorum,  y\ch.  Th.  crustaceous,  adnate,  contiguous,  in  the 
circiunfcrence  radiosc-plicate,  pale  yellow  ;  whil" 'Mulerneath  ;  apoth. 
sessile,  disk  naked,  dark  yellow,  with  a  thin,  cnt;;  •,  ;  mewhal  llexuous  i 
margin.  Fr.  Lichcmigr.  p.  115.  — (5.  miniala,  Fr.  ;  .n.  verrucose,  less 
and  more  narrowly  radiosc,  naked,  vermilion-colored.  Fr.  I.  c.  Leva- 
noru,  y\ch. 

Rocks  and  stones  near  the  sea,  New  England,  fertile.  —  /?,  Penn- 
sylvania, Miihl.     Arctic  America,  Rick. 

Suhsect  VII.     I'soRA,  Fr. 

■IH.  P.  viol !//>(l ilia,  Wahl.  Thallus  crustaceous,  arcolate-verrucosc, 
radiate-plicate,  dark-fuscous;  white  heneath  ;  laciniu;  of  the  circumfer- 
ence linear;  apothecia  innate,  disk  urccolate,  hlackish-fuscous,  margi- 
nate,  with  a  tumid  thallinc  margin.    Fr.  Lic/ienogr.  p.  126. 

Rocks.     Greenland,  Fries. 

•^  41).  P.  cenuna,  Sommerf.  Th.  areolate-squamaceous ;  the  scales 
crustaceous,  subpeltale,  repand  or  lobed,from  greenish  becoming  livid- 
chestnut;  on  the  under  side  white;  apoth.  at  first  immersed,  margi- 
nate,  at  length  protuberant,  disk  rufous-fuscous.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  V21 
— /5.  squamulosa,  Fr.  ;  th.  chestnut-tawny;  apoth.  naked,  thallinc  mar- 
gin thin  or  wanting.  Fr.  /.  c. 

Rocks.     \Vhiic  Mountains.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

50.  P.  chri/somcJirna,  Ach.  (sub  Lecanora).  Th.  crustaceous,  are- 
olale,  yellow  ;  areola;  (kit,  submembranaccous,  somewhat  lobate,  here 
and  thoro  discrete  ;  apoth.  appressed,  disk  |)lanc,  sanguineous-black, 
thalline  margin  elevated,  subrugose,  at  length  llexuous.  Ack.  Si/n.  p. 
IIH. 

North  America  (Pennsylvania.?),  Miihl,  Ach. 

SiiCT.  IV.     Thallus  crustaceous,  uniform. 
Suhsect.  VIII.     Pati:i,laria,  Fr. 
T^     51.  r.pallcscens,Vr.    Crust  sublartareous,  rugose-granulate,  glances- 


Icfnt ;  by 
linoKc,  wi 
tjjcccmon 
lln.  Fr.  ;  c 
lat  length 
\chen  Far 
Trunki 
[near  the 
iPennsylv 

.W.  P. 
cescent ; 

M  ish-flcsh-( 

f  length  gn 
,|      Rocks 
'J  alpine  (lis 
i  Grcv.  (PI 

I 

A  ulate-pulv 
f  cave,  red 

'  i;m.  Im 

Trunks 
,   Muhl. 

51.  P. 

papillose, 
fuscous,  V 
thallus.  j 
bocoming 
Lich.  Bri 
Trunks 
Arctic  Ar 

55.  P. 

bpcominji 

adnate,  di: 
margin  cc 
bcJIa)!— 
always  m 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


39 


,  linear,  convex,  i 
entire.    Fr.  Li- 1 

1(1.     Nortliward 
Melville  Island,  j 

iliguous,  in  the  I 
irnealli ;   apoth, 
lewlial  fle.xuous 
verrucose,  less 
Fr.  I.  c.    Leca- 

ile.  —  ft,  I'enn- 


)lute-verriicose, 
the  circuinfer" 
iiscous,  tnargi- 
26. 


us ;  the  scales 
jecoming  livid- 
nersed,  margi- 
henogr.  p.  127. 
I,  thalline  mar- 

icrica,  Rich. 

islaceous,  are- 

at  lobate,  here 

;uiiieous-black, 

Ach.  Si/n.  p. 


Mi 


ulate,  glaiices- 


Icrnt;  hypothallus  pale;  apothecia  tumid,  disk  plane,  pale,  innate-pru- 
liiiuse,  with  an  erect,  entire,  persistent  margin.    Fr.  Lichenngr.  v.  1,'}2. 

XLccanora  PareIJa,  ^.  Ach.    Lichen  paUesrens,  L.  Spec.  PL (i.  Pare?.- 

tla.  Fr.  ;  cnist  amylaceous-tartareous,  plicatc-verrucose,  milk- while,  disk 
lat  length  chinky  or  verrucose.  IV.  L  c.  Lecanora  Parella,  Ach.  Li- 
\chen  Parellus,  Ij.  Mant. 

Trunks,  rails,  stones,  &c.,  ascending  to  alpine  districts.  —  /?,  rocks 
Inear  the  sea  and  large  lakes.    New  England.     New  Yn-k,  Torrey. 
PeniLsylvania,  Muhl     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

52.  P.  tarlarea,Kc\\.  Cr.  tartareous,  granulate-conglomerate,  glau- 
[ccsccnt;  hypoth.  pale  ;  apoth.  adnate,  disk  plane,  rugujose,  pale-yellow- 
I  ish-dcsh-colored,  with  an  inflexed,  entire  margin.  Fr.  Lichenngr.  p.  133. 

■/?.  frigida,  Ach.  ;  hypothallus  confused  with  the  thallus;  crust  at 
I  length  granulate,  whitish  ;  apoth.  smaller,  reddish-flesh-colored.  Fr.  I  c. 
Hocks  ;  ,?  incrusting  twigs,  mosses,  lichens,  &c.,  and  ascending  to 
I  alpine  districts  ;  New  England.     New  York,  Ilalsey.     Arctic  America 
Grcv.  (ri.  \V.  Greenl.).  ' 

53.  P.  rubra,  Ach.  Cr.  subcartilagineous,  smoothish,  at  length  gran- 
lulate-pulvorulcnt,  glaucescent;  hypoth.  pale;  apoth.  adnate,  disk  con- 
I  cave,  red,  with  a  tumid,  inflexed,  crenulate  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p. 

l!M.    Lecanora,  Ach. 

Trunks  in  mountainous  districts;  New  England.  Pennsylvania 
Muhl.  ' 

51.  P.  oculala,  Fr.     Cr.  cartilagineou.s-tartareous,  rugose,  uneven, 

papillose,  glaucescent;  hypoth.  pale;  apoth.  sessile,  concave,  disk  sub-' 

I  fuscous,  with  an  elevated,  very  entire  margin,  which  is  whit-^r  than  the 

\  thallus.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  135.  —^;  thallus  isidioid,  branched  ;  apoth. 

becoming  black.    Fr.  I.  c.    Isidium  oculafum,  Ach.     Turn.  &■  Borr 

Lich.Brit.p.  103. 

Trunks  in  mountainous  districts  .•  White  Mountains.  Northward  to 
Arctic  America,  Rich.,  Hook. 

55.  P.  suhfusca,  Fr.  Cr.  cartilagincous,  at  first  contiguous,  smooth, 
becoming  chinky  and  granulate,  glaucescent;  hypoth.  macular;  apoth.' 
adnate,  disk  plano-convex,  subfuscous,  whitish  within,  with  an  erect 
margin  colored  like  the  lliuUus.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  136  (excl.  P.  al- 
bclla).  —  u.  discolor,  Fr. ;  cr.  as  above ;  apoth.  regular,  disk  thickish, 
always  naked  (red,  rufous,  fuscous,  or  black),  margin  entire,  or  at 


7^ 


-/ 


w 


40 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


'!tf 


i 


length  rugose.  Fr.  I  c.  Lecanora  subfusca,  ^  L.  epihryon,  Acli.~ 
ft.  di3ians,  Fr. ;  cr.  thin  ;  apoth.  orbiculate,  margin  elevated,  crenuhuc, 
disk  thin,  pale,  at  first  pruinose,  finally  naked.  Fr.  I.  c.  Lecanora 
distans,  Ach. 

Trunks,  dead  wood,  rocks,  and  stones.  —  /?,  trunks.     New  England. 
New  York,  Torrey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl     Northward  to  Arctic  Amer-  ^ 
ica,  Rich.  " 

56.  P.  alhella,  Ach.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  thin,  milk-white;  apoth.  or.! 
biculate,  tumid,  pale-flesh-colored,  whitish-pruinose,  margin  very  en- 
tire, subevanescent.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  168.  Fr.  Summ.  Fl.  Scand.  P. 
subfusca,  y.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  139.  — /?.  angulosa,  Fr. ;  apoth.  aggre- 
gated,  angulose-irregular,  disk  livid-fuscous,  glaucous-pruinose,  with  a 
flexuous,  subpersistent  margin.  Fr.  Summ.  Fl  Scand.  P.  subfusca,  S. 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  139.    P.  angulosa,  Ach. 

Trunks  ;  New  England.     New  York  («  and  ft),  Halsey. 

57.  P.  ccBsio-rubeUa,  Ach.  Cr.  thin,  softish,  white  ;  apoth.  scat- 
tered (rather  large),  disk  plane,  becoming  at  length  somewhat  tumid, 
pale-reddish  and  fuscescent,  at  first  ctesious-pruinose,  equalling  the  tu- 
mid very  entire  margin.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  267. 

Trunks  ;  New  England.     New  York,  Halsey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl 

58.  P.  atra,  Ach.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  at  length  granulose-verrucose, 
glaucescent ;  hypoth.  black  ;  apoth.  sessile,  disk  at  length  somewhat  tu- 
mid, polished,  very  black,  within  black,  with  an  elevated,  persistent, 
subentire  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  141. 

Rocks  and  stones  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey.  Pennsylva- 
nia, ilfw/iZ.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

59.  P.  cinerea,  Fr.     Cr.  subtartareous,  areolate-rimose,  glaucous-ci- 
nereous ;  hypoth.  black  ;   apoth.  innate,  disk   naked,  nigrescent,  palej 
within,  with  a  black,  obtuse,  subelevated  thalline  margin.    Fr.  Lichen- 
ogr. p.  142.     Urceolaria,  Ach. 

Rocks  and  stones,  very  common,  and  passing  into  many  varieties. 
An  ochraceous  state  (Urceolaria  Acharii,  Ach.)  occurs  not  uncom- 
monly about  mountain  str^^ms.  New  England.  New  York,  Halscn. 
Arctic  America,  Rich. 


60.  P.  India,  Fr.  Cr.  v;ariilugineous,  rimose-areolate,  subsquamulose,  i 
dark-olive;  hypoth.  black;  disk  naked,  polished,  fuscous-blacK/witli' 
an  entire,  persistent  thalline  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  147. 


iiocks  i 
[land.  A 
Imaccous, 
la  staiC,  a 
lauthors ; 
lEndocarp 
■land,  and 
Ipine  and  s 

61.  P. 

I  green  bee 
[fiiscous-ni 
ichenogr.  ] 
Icous-ciner 
4  and  di.sap] 
I  Trunks 
^  scy.     Pen 

I  62.  P.  I 
1  hypoth.  wl 
4  convex,  da 
^  Lichenogr 
►:J  Alpine 
Pylaie,  an 

i-^  63.  P.  V 
[green,  bee 
Isile,  disk  f 
I  erect,  entii 
lliform,  plai 
Iverulent  th; 
[disk  of  the 

gin,  from  f 
[Fr. ;  apoth 

becoming  1 
[areolate  an 
[what  flexuc 
Dead  wo 
(Pennsylvan 

Endand. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


41 


Ibnjon,  Ach.  — 
ated,  crenuhile, 
/.  c.    Lccanora 

New  England. 
to  Arctic  Amer- 

liito;  apoth.  or- 
argin  very  en- 
Fl.  Scand,     P\\ 
;  apoth.  aggre- 
ruinose,  with  a  I 
P.  subfusca,  S. 

sey. 

;   apoth.  scat- 
)mevvhat  tumid,] 
lualling  the  tu- 

sylvania,  MmM 

lose-verrucose,j 
\\  somewhat  tu- 
ted,  persistent, 

y.     Pennsylva- 

le,  glaucous-ci- 
igrescent,  pale| 
.    Fr.  Lichen- 

nany  varieties, 
's  not  uncoin- 
York,  Ha/scy. 

ubsquamulose,  j 
us-blacK/with] 
147. 


liocks  and  stones  (granite),  asce  iding  to  alpine  districts ;  New  Eng- 
llund.  Arctic  America,  Rich.  Areolne  sometimes  dispersed  and  squa- 
Imaccoiis,  with  subimmcrsed,  punctiform  (imperfect)  apothecia.  Such 
la  state,  according  to  Fries,  is  the  Endocarpon  smaragdulum  of  some 
lauthors ;  and  a  similar  one,  tinged  dark  red  by  the  oxide  of  iron,  the 
JEndocarpon  Sinopicum,  VVahl.  The  former  is  common  in  New  Eng- 
jland,  and  occurs  in  New  York,  Hulsey.  The  latter  is  frequent  on  al- 
Ipine  and  subalpine  rocks  on  our  higher  mountains. 

61.  P.  sophodes,  Ach.  Cr.  tartareous,  verrucose-granulate,  from 
jgreen  becoming  fuscescent ;  hypoth.  black  ;  disk  opake,  unpolished, 
Ifuscous-nigrescent,  thalline  margin  thick,  at  length  rugulose.  Fr.  Li- 
\chenogr.  p.  149.  Lecanora,  Ach.  —  ft.  exigua,  Fr. ;  small  ;  crust  fus- 
Icous-cinerascent ;  hypoth.  obsolete ;  margins  of  the  apothecia  whitish, 
jand  disappearing.    Fr.  I.  .      Lecanora,  Ach. 

Trunks  and  dead  wood  ;  New  England.  New  York  (,/  and  ft),  Hal- 
^sey.     Pennsylvania  («),  Muhl     Arctic  America  (ft),  Rich. 

62.  P.  ventosa,  Ach.  Cr.  tartareous,  rimose-areolate,  pale-yellow ; 
Jhypoth.  white  ;  apoth.  appressed,  at  length  irregular,  disk  somewhat 

convex,  dark-brownish-red,  with  a  thin,  pale,  very  entire  margin.    Fr. 
^Lichenogr.  p.  153.    Lecanora,  Ach. 

Alpine  and  subalpine  rocks;  White  Mountains.  Newfounuiand, 
jP^^Zaie,  and  northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

63.  P.  varia,  Fr.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  areolate-verrucose,  yellowish- 
Igreen,  becoming  ochroleucous ;  hypoth.  smooth,  macular;  apoth.  ses- 
Isile,  disk  polished,  yellowish-flesh-colored,  or  discolored,  with  a  thin, 

erect,  entire  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  156.  — «.  Fr.  ;  apoth.  scutel- 

jliform,  plano-concave,  with  a  persistent,  sometimes  crenulate,  or  pul- 
verulent thalline  margin.  Fr.  !  I.  c.  P.  varia,  Ach.  —ft.  symmict.a,  Fr. ; 
disk  of  the  apothecia  somewhat  excluding  the  paler,  very  entire  mar- 

jgin,  from  pale-yellowish  becoming  fuscous.  Fr.  !  I.  c.  — y.  sepincoh, 
Fr. ;  apoth.  somewhat  immersed,  convex,  immarginate,  from  fulvous 
becoming  black.  Fr.  I  c.  Lecidea,  Ach.  — 5.  polytropa,  Fr. ;  crust 
areolate  and  granulate;   margins  of  the  apothecia  pale,  entire,  some- 

[wliat  flexuous.    Fr.  1.  c.     Lecidea,  Ach. 

Dead  wood,  stones,  and  trunks;  New  England.    New  York,  Halsey. 

I  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.— ft,  granite  rocks  in  mountainous  districts  ;  New 

[England.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

6 


42 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


64.  P.  vitellina,  Ach.     Cr.  tartareous,  granulose-coacervate,  dark- 
reddish-yellow;   hypoth.  macular,  while;  apoth.  sessile,   disk  yellow | 
becoming  fuscous,  margin  simple,  thin,  erect,  entire,  at  length  of  thej 
same  color.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  162.    Lecanora,  Ach. 

Dead  wood  and  rocks  ;  New  England.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

65.  P.  fiilva,  Schwein.  (sub  Lecanora).     Cr.  cartilagineous,  chinky 
and  granulate-verrucose,  sulphureous  or  pallescent,  upon  a  blackish 
hypothallus;  apoth.  sessile,  disk  reddish-orange,  immarginate,  with  a  I 
thick,  inflected,  at  length  Hexuous  margin.     Lecanora  fuloa,  Schwein.] 
in  Hah.  Lich.  N.  Y.  I  c.  p.  13.     Tuckerm.  Lich.  JV.  E.  I  c. 

Trunks  ;  New  England.     New  York,  Halse^j. 

66.  P.  cerina,  Ach.     Cr.  at  first  contiguous,  at  length  granulate,  ci-j 
nereous,  upon  a  bluish-black  hypothallus ;  apoth.  sessile,  disk  immar- 
ginate,  somewhat  wax-colored,  with  a  thin,  equal,  opake,  entire  thai- 
line  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  160.     Lecanora,  Ach. 

Trunks,  rocks,  and  stones  ;   New  England.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

Subsect  IX.     Urceolaeia,   Fr. 

67.  P.  glaucoma,  Ach.,  Fr.     Crust  tartareous,  contiguous,  rimose- 
areolate,  glaucous-white;   hypothallus  white;   apothecia  innate,  disk^ 
pale-flesh-coloied,  pruinose,  at  length  convex,  and  becoming  blackish, 
with  a  very  entire,  evanescent  thalline  margin.    Fr.  Summ.  Fl.  Scand.  I 
P.  sordida,  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  178.    Lecanora  glaucoma,  Ach. 

Rocks  (especially  granite).     New  York,  Halsey.     Arctic  America, 
Rich. 

68.  P.  verrucosa,  Ach.,  Fr.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  verrucose,  naked, 
gklucous-white  ;  hypoth.  white ;  disk  immersed  in  the  verrucas,  con- 
cave, blackish,  subpruinose,  the  proper  margin  connate  with  the  convex 
thalline  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  186.  Icon,  Laur.  in  Sturm's  Fl  I 
^.21.  — a.  Urceolaria,  Fr. ;  normal.  Urceolaria  verrucosa,  Ach.-[, 
/3.  Pertusaria,  Fr. ;  verruca)  closed,  disk  prominent  like  a  black  osti-| 
ole.  Porina  glomerata,  Ach. 

Incrusting  dead  mosses  and  sticks,  in  alpine  districts ;  White  Moun- 
tains. 

69.  P.  calcarea,  Ach.,  Fr.  Cr.  subcartilagincous,  areolate-verru- 
cose,  glauccscent  (often  mealy  and  white) ;  disk  immersed  in  the  are- 
olae, from  concave  becoming  piano,  blackish,  ca^sious-pruinose,  with  ai 


thin,  at  le 
[what  pror 
[  Jji'ieolarit 
Limesto 
I  New  York 

70.  P.  i 

Icous-cinen 
jsious-blacl 
I  is  at  first  i 
1 190.  Urc 
[smaller,  d 
[margin  sul 
Rocks,  s 
-/?  incrus 


Apothec 
I  a  discrete, 


ing  a  rigesi 


T.  Irpad 
Lichenogr. 

Trunks, 
(Herb.  Hoc 

with  the  El 
ler). 


Apotheci 

I  cent,  the  el 

the  disk.    I 

iniT  at  lens 

ceous,  some 

G.  cupulc 
!  border  orbi 
Lichenogr. 
Rocks  (c! 
New  York, 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


43 


icervate,  dark- 

3,   disk  yellow 

length  of  the 

a,  Muhl. 

;ineous,  chinky 
)on  a  blackish 
rginate,  with  a 
^uli'a,  Schwein. 
I.  /.  c. 

I  granulate,  ci- 
e,  disk  immar- 
CO,  entire  thai- 

'ania,  3Iuhl. 


Tuous,  rimose- 
a  innate,  disk 
ning  blackish, 
im.  Fl.  Scand. 
1,  Ach. 
rctic  Ameri  .a, 

•ucose,  naked, 
verruca;,  con- 
ith  the  convex 
n  Sturni's  Fi. 
icosa,  Ach.  — 
a.  black  osti- 


White  Moun- 

ircolate-verru- 
ed  in  the  are' 
ainose,  with  a 


V  thin,  at  length  discrete,  entire  proper  margin  ;  thalline  margin  some- 
what prominent,  subentire,  or  rugose-crcnate.  Fr.  Lidienogr.  p.  187. 
i'rceolaria,  Ach. 

Limestone,  and  from  this  passing  to  other  rocks  :    New  Enf^land. 
New  York,  HuJsey. 

70.  P.  scruposa,  Sommerf.     Cr.  tartareous,  rugose-granulate,  glau- 

'I  cous-cinerascent ;  hypoth.  white;  apoth.  immersed,  disk  urceolate,  cje- 

|sioiis-black,  with  a  connivent,  cinerous-blackish  proper  margin,  which 

I  is  at  first  covered  by  the  crenate  thalline  margin.    Fr.  Lichenoo-r.  p. 

lUO.     Urceolaria,  Ach.  —  ^.    bryophila,  Ach.  ;    cr.   rugose ;   apoth. 

I  smaller,  disk  emergent,  urceolate,  with   a  contracted   mouth,  thalline 

margin  subevanescent.  Fr.  I.  c.    Gyalecta,  Ach. 

Rocks,  stones,  doad  wood,  trunks,  and  on  the  earth ;  New  England. 

-t3  incrusting  mosses;  Pennsylvania,  Muhl    Arctic  America,  Rich. 


X.  THELOTREMA,  Ach. 

Apothecia  subconical-truncate,  at  length  open,  urceolate-scutelliform ; 
a  discrete,  lax,  membranaceous,  'acerale-dehiscent,  interior  exciple  veil- 
ing a  rigescent  disk.     Thallus  crustaceous. 

I      T.  Irpadintm,  Ach.     Disk  blackish,  at  first  caesious-pruinose.    Fr. 

'  Lichenogr.  p.  428.     Schcer.  !  Spicil  p.  67. 

Trunks,  somewhat  rare  ;  New  England.  Arctic  America,  Rich. 
(Herb.  Hook. !).  Our  Lichen,  as  well  as  that  of  Arctic  America,  agrees 
uith  the  European  ;  and  the  species  is  found  also  in  Brazil  (Eschwei- 
In-). 


XI.   GYALECTA,  Ach.,  Fr. 


Apothecia  orbiculate,  urceolate,  at  first  closed,  then  variously  dehis- 
'cnt,  the  elevated,  discrete,  colored  border  of  the  exciple  surrounding 
ilic  disk.  Disk  at  first  included,  like  a  nucleus,  and  gelatinous,  becom- 
ing at  length  open,  cxplanate,  indurated.  Thallus  horizcatal,  crusta- 
i-TOus,  somewhat  tartareous. 

G.  cupularis,  Schccr.  Apothecia  radiate-dehiscent,  urceolate-open  ; 
^  border  orbicular,  elevated,  tumid,  pale,  disk  pale-flesh-colored.  Fr. 
mm  Lichenogr.  p.  195. 

Rocks  (especially  limestone  and  sandstone,  Fr.)  and  on  the  earth. 
New  York,  Halsey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 


44 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


Tribe   II.     LECIDEACEiE,    Fr. 

XII.     STERKOCAULON,  Ach. 

i\ polhecia  placed  upon  a  thalline  stratum,  which  forms  a  more  or 
less  evident,  evanescent  (spurious)  thalline  .nargin,  becoming  plane, 
with  an  obscure  proper  marjrin,  and  at  length  cephaloid  and  immargi. 
nate,  solid.  Thallus  vertical,  caulescent,  mostly  solid  (podetia),  sup- 
porting a  horizontal,  squamulose-granulose  thallus,  and  arising  some- 
times from  a  horizontal,  adnate,  granulose  thallus. 

The  apothecia  arc  often  quite  those  of  Parmelia,  but  they  also  occur 
subimmarginate  from  the  first,  or  with  only  an  obscure  f  roper  margin, 
as  observed  by  Scha;rer  and  Eschweiler,and  the  genus  seems  properly 
nearest  to  Biatora,  and  related  through  this  to  Lecidea.     In  this  view, 
Cladonia  must  be  taken  for  the  highest  type  of  Lecidcaceaj ;  and  the 
fistulous  podetium,  analogous  certainly  (Fr.  Lich.  p.  14)  to  the  tubulose 
thallus  of  some  Cetraria,',  and  in  Cladonia  turgida,  if  I  am  not  mistaken, 
evidently  formed  by  constriction  of  the  ascending  foliaceous  thallus  of 
that  species,  must  be  considered   as  indicating  a  higher  rank  than  the 
solid  podetium  ;  this  last  being  rather  a  branched  stipe,  as  is  suggested 
by  a  comparisor  of  Stereocaulon  FibuL    vith  Biatora  Byssoides.    And, 
adopting  a  somewhat  wider  sense  for  Eschweiler's  remark,  that  Clado- 
nia unites  in  itself  the  horizontal  and  the  vertical  thallus,  we  might,  in 
the  point  of  view  that  we  have  chosen,  see  reason  to  agree  with  hiiTi 
that  this  genus  is  even  the  highest  development  of  Lichcnose  vegeta 
tion ;  or  to  venture,  at  least,  the  suggestion,  that  no  genus,  which  does 
not  include  the  horizontal  type,  should  seem  to  be  the  most  perfect  tyji- 
ical  representative  of  Lichenes.     Fries,  from  whose  profound  conclu- 
sions we  are  far  from  prepared  to  depart,  attributes  indeed  to  Usnea 
(1.  c.  pp.  9,  17,  198)  the  highest  rank,  and,  where  he  considers  the  I 
genera  as  falling  into  parallel  series,  he,  in  this  view,  assigns  the  posi- 
tion to  Usnea,  Stereocaulon,  and  Sphajrophoron.     But  if  there  is  evi- 
dently a  distinction  between  the  highest  typical  development  and  the 
highest  acliiuUij  attainable  development,  and  tl.e  former  represent  the 
most  perfect  condition  of  the  plant,  or  genus,  ^„/  se,  as  a  distinct  real 
or  assumed  existence  in  nature,  —  as  the  latter  is  representative  of  ex- 
treme tendencies  of  the  vegetation  in  question  to  ascend  to  a  higher  | 
than  its  typical  structure,—  Usnea,  &c.,  may  be  taken  as  representing 


Ihe  exirem 
'jus  cxpres 
liuii.  —  S. 
ibrillose  f 
imerica,  i 
jiiiy  the  sc 

Sect.  I. 


1.  S.  to? 

he  brancJK 

lomcntum  ; 

riiylloid-gr 
leiiifth  "lob 

On  the 
iains,  and 
tJIooL  ! 

2.  S,  C01 
j)ranched,  < 

|tligitate-div( 
yiiicreous-c 
fiiiially  glob 
I     Stones,  ii 

--•  3.  S.  poi 

pjirossed,  vei 

^thickly  tog( 

^granulose, 

ated,  plane 

aschaliSf  I 

Stones,  ai 

White  I\Ioui 

the  coast ;  1 

was  former 

and  the  folh 

Tnrreii.   Pc 

foundland,  j 

sckr ;  and  } 


AND    BRITItJH    AMERICA. 


45 


r. 


rms  a  more  or ' 
jcom'mg  plane, 
d  and  immargi< 
{podetia),  sup- 
arising  some- 

tbey  also  occur 
f  roper  margin, 
seems  properly 
In  this  view, 
acefE ;  and  the 
to  the  tubulose 
1  not  mistaken, 
eons  thallus  of 

rank  than  the 
is  is  suggested 
ssoides.  And, 
rk,  that  Clado- 
!,  we  might,  in 
gree  with  hiim 
honose  vegeta 
IS,  which  does 
)st  perfect  tyji- 
)found  conclu- 
ieed  to  Usnea  i 

considers  the 
ligns  the  posi- 
f  there  is  evi- 
iment  and  the 

represent  the 
a  distinct  real  ^ 
Mitative  of  ex- 
d  to  a  higher 
s  representing 


Ihr  exlreme  development  of  Lichenes,  and  Cladonia,  or  some  other  ge- 
jus  expressing  the  horizontal  type,  as  representing  their  typical  perfec- 

lion.  —  S.  ramuIosu7n,  Ach.,  a  mostly  tropical  species,  with  densely 
ibrillose  podetia,  and  terminal,  subglobose  apothecia,  inhabits  iMorth 
Lmerica,  according  to  Acharius  and  Muhlenberg  ;  but  it  is  probable, 
Duly  the  southern  part. 

3eut.  I.     Podetia  solid,  filamentous  within ;   apothecia  normally  fus- 
cous. 

•  Souamules  foliaceous,  or  fibrillose. 

1.  S.  lomentosum,  Fr,    Podetia  lax,  terete,  very  much  branched  and 

he  brandies  somewhat  recurved,  clothed  with  a  dense,  whitish,  spongy 

komcntum  ;  squamulcs  somewhat  rounded,  incised-crenate  (becoming 

lylloid-granulose),  cinereous-ctesious  ;   apothecia  minute,  lateral,  at 

Ictigtli  globose.     Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  201. 

On  the  earth  and  stones  in  the  lower  regions  of  the  White  Moun- 
ains,  and  ascending;  fertile.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Herb. 
\llook.  ! 

2.  S,  coralHnum,  Fr.     Podetia  lax,  a  little  compressed,  very  much 

branched,  glabrous  (many  conjoined  at  the  base  into  a  dense,  at  first 

|tligitatc-divergent  sod)  ;  squamules  fibrillose,  somewhat  digitate-ramose, 

x'iiicreous-ca;sious ;   apoth.  scattered  or  conglomerate  (rather  large), 

|iliially  globose.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  201.     S.  dactyJophyllum,  Floerk.  ! 

I     Stones,  in  the  lower  regions  of  the  White  Mountains  ;  fiirt.'e. 

-  ;].  S.  paschale,  Laur.  Podetia  lax,  rather  slender,  somewhat  com- 
|l)rcssed,  very  much  branched,  subglabrous  (many  commonly  crowded 
ithickly  together,  but  not  cajspitose-conjoined)  ;  squamules  phyllo'd- 
lanulose,  crenate,  conglomerate,  glaucous  ;    apoth.  eubterminal,  di- 

pated,  plane.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  202.    S.  paschale,  Ach.  part.     Lichen 

paschalis,  L.  Jide  Fr. 

Stones,  and  on  the  earth  in  large  patches,  in  the  lower  regions  of  the 
jWlute  I\Iountains ;  and  ascending  to  alpine  districts.  Common  also  on 
jthe  coast;  but  the  genus  is  peculiarly  montane.  The  present  species 
hvas  formerly  considered  as  including  most  of  those  here  described, 
land  the  following  stations  are  therefore  so  far  uncertain.  New  York, 
Ynrrey.  VenmyUnrnp. ,  Mxihl  Noniiward  to  Canada,  iiricAaHx;  New- 
Ifoundland,  Pt//^ie ;  the  Saskatchawan,  &c.,  Rich.;  Greenland,  Gie- 
\sekp.  ;  and  Meh  lie  Island,  R.  Br. 


46 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


4.  S.  condensafum,  Laur.  Podetia  erect,  terete,  scarcely  branched, 
clothed  with  a  thai,  white-incarnate  tomentum  ;  squamules  roundish, 
teretish,  or  confluent,  glaucous  ;  apot'i.  terminal,  dilated,  plane,  subpel- 
tate.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  203.     S.  Meissnerianum,  Floerk.  ! 

Stones  and  rocks,  in  the  lower  regions  of  the  White  Mountains; 
somewhat  rarely  fertile.  Occurring  also  in  the  deliquescent,  degener- 
ate state  called  uy  Acharius  S,  Coreolus  (Meth.  t.  7,  p.  1).  The  hori- 
zontal thallus  at  the  base  is  persistent,  and  often  conspicuous. 

**  Squamules  verrucrcform,  rounded,  or  angulate. 

y_>  5.  S.  denudatum,  Floerk.  Podetia  erectish,  terete,  somewhat  spar- 
ingly branched  above,  below  denudate,  glabrous ;  granules  roundish, 
thick,  cinerascent,  at  length  almost  plane,  crenate-lobate  ;  apoth.  later- 
al, minute,  somewhat  plane.  Floerk.  !  D.  Lick.  p.  13.  Fr.  Lichenogr. 
p.  204,    S.  glauccsccns,  Tuclcervi.  Lirh.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

Rocks  ;  from  (ireenland.  Dill.,  to  New  England,  where  it  is  common  , 
in  mountainous,  and  ascends  to  subalpine  districts.  Southward  to  Penn-  j 
sylvania.  Dill. 

6.  S.  nanum,  Ach.     Podetia  erect,  slender,  fastigiate-ramose,  below  | 
denudate,  above  very  finely  pulverulent;    granules  verrucfcfbrm,  mi- 
nute, greenisli-pallesccnt,  Hoccose  ;  apoth.  small,  lateral,  convex.    Fr.! ' 
Lichenogr.  p.  205. 

Fissures  of  rocks,  and  on  stones,  in  the  lower  regions  of  the  White  | 
Mountains  ;  fertile. 

Sect.  11.     PiLOMioRON,  Tuckerm.     Podetia  cartilagineous-subfilamon- 
lous,  or  araneous-fistulous  within  ;  apothecia  subimmarginate,  black. 

7.  S.  Fibula,  Tuckerm.  Crust  persistent,  appressed,  subsquama- 
ceous-granulate,  bright  green  ;  podetia  (solid),  erect,  terete,  simple, 
somewhat  corticate  with  the  green  squamaceous  granules,  at  length  j 
subdenudate,  glabrous  ;  apoth.  (lateral,  minute,  somewhat  plane,  sub- 
immarginate, and)  terminal,  mostly  solitary,  at  first  depressed-globose, 
immarginate,at  length  rather  infiatcd,  dark-grecnish-nigrescent  becom- 1 
ing  black. 

Moist  rocks  along  streams  in  mountain  forests;   White  Mountains. 
Rugose,  nigrescent  cephalodia   (certainly  abortive   apothecia)    occur  i 
commonly  in  iiu;  erust,  resembling  similar  ones  in  S.  condensatum, 
Barren  podetia  terminated  often  with  powdery  green  pulvinules,  as  in] 
S,  Ccrcolus,  Ach.    Apothecia  solid,  as  in  the  next,  the  disk  place('   'pon 


\ 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


47 


s  of  the  White 


a  paler  stratum.  S.  Cereolus,  as  described  by  Borrcr,  and  figured  in 
E.  Bot.  Suppl.  t.  26()7,  is  certainly  very  near  the  present  section,  and 
agrees  in  many  respects  with  the  species  under  notice.  The  apparent 
(lill'erence  of  structure  in  the  apothecia  of  this  and  of  the  next  spe- 
icies  from  Cladonia,  Stereocaulon,  and  Biatora  is  one  so  anomalous, 
that  I  prefer  to  leave  thfm  in  this  place,  to  which,  indeed,  their  whole 
habit  would  seem  to  refer  tJiem. 

S.  S.  aciculare,  Tuckern.  Crust  persistent,  of  eiTuse,  roundish, 
Iwhitish  granules;  podetia  erect,  terete,  smooth,  elongated  (fistulous  and 

araneous  within),  divided  at  length  irregularly  into  erect,  subfastigiate, 

at  length  denudate  branches;    granules  verruculose,  pale-cinereous; 

apoth.  at  first  subconical-globose,  immarginate,  often  conglomerate, 

I  from  dark-greenish-nigrescent  becoming  black.     Bccomyces,  Meth.  L  8, 

j/.  4,  dein  Ccnomyce,  Ach.    Cladonia,  Auct.    Stereocaulon,  Mild,  Enum. 

Lich.  N.  Amer.  p.  52. 

On  the  earth ;  Northwest  Coast,  Menzies  !  Douglns,  in  herb.  Hook. ! 
I  Rocky  Mountains,  Herh.  Hook.  !  —  New  York,  Halseij.  Pennsylvania, 
I  Muhl.  Certainly  a  congener  of  tlie  last.  Fries  remarks  incidentally 
I  (Lichenogr.  p.  242),  that  the  apothecia  are  almost  those  of  Biatora. 
\  Rugose  cephalodia,  like  those  of  the  last,  occur  also  in  the  crust  of  this 
I  species,  and  at  the  bases  of  the  podetia.    Sommerfelt  (Suppl.  Fl.  Lapp. 

p.  120)  remarks  that  these  cephalodia  occur  also  in  S.  paschule,  S.  eo- 

rullinum,  and  S.  denudatum. 


lite  Mountains. 


XIII.  CLADONIA,  Hoflhi. 

Apothecia  orbiculate,  submarginate ;  becoming  at  length    inflated, 
I  cephaloid,  and  immarginate ;  empty.     Disk  open,  at  length  protuberant 
and  reflexed,  concealing  the  proper  excipie.     Horizontal  ihallus  squa- 
niulosfc-foliaceous  or  crustaceous,  from  which  arises  a  vertical,  caules- 
cent, oartilagineous,  fistulous  thallus  {podetia). 

I  Scries    I.       Glaucescentes,     Fr.      Podetia   greenish-glaucous. 

Apothecia   rufous. 

1.  C.  aldcornis,  Fr.     Thallus  cncspitosc,  subfoliaceous.  of  palmate- 

Inciniate,  crcnate,  glaucous  lobules  ;  podetia  elongated-turbinato,  some- 

I  what  verruculose,  glabrous,  of  the  some  color  ;  scyphi  regular,  conca- 

vo-plane,crenulate  ;  apothecia  rufous.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  213.    C.  Cor- 

nucopioB,  Hoffm.     Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 


48 


LICHENES    OF    THK    NOHTHEHN    STATES 


i 


Sterile,  sandy  earth  ;  pine  woods.  Nortli  America,  Flocrke  !  ComJ 
mon  in  New  England,  and  fertile.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Arctic! 
America,  Hook.  Lobes  black-fibriliosc  at  the  margins,  beneath,  in  tliel 
European  Lichen,  but  nalied  in  '  warm,  dry  places,'  according  tcl 
Fioerke,  and  in  sterile  soils,  according  to  Fries.  I  have  never  foutij 
fibrillose  specimens  of  our  plant. 

2.  C.  tur^ida,  WoiXm.  Th.  foliaceous,  erectish,  laciniatc,  glaucous,) 
branching  into  fruticulose,  ramose,  glabrous  podetia,  of  the  same  colorJ 
the  scyphiferous  ones  turgid,  obconico-cylindrical ;  spurious  scyphi  imi 
marginate,  dentate-radiate;  apoth.  carneo-rufescent.  Fr.  Lichenogr\ 
p.  214.    Floerk.  !  Clad.  J),  lib.     Cenomijce parecha,  Ack. 

Sterile,  moist  earth,  in  mountainous  districts,  fertile  ;  New  EngUindj 
Pennsylvania,  Muhl.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

3.  C.  PapWaria,  Iloffm.     Th.  crustaceous,  papillose-granulate,  perJ 
sistcnt ;    podetia   ventricose-cylindrical,    gil)bous,  glabrous,  simple 
much  branched,  glaucous  ;   the  branches  fastigiate,  undivided   at  thel 
apices,  obtuse  ;  apoth.  at  length  convex,  rufous.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  245,f 
Flocrk.  !  Clad.  p.  5.    Icon,  Laur.  in  Sturm's  Fl  t.  22.    Pi/cnothelia 
Hook.  Br.  Fl.     Tuckcrm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

Sterile  earth  in  alpine  and  subalpine  districts.  White  Mountains;  fcrj 
tile.  The  abnormal  slate  with  very  short,  vesicular  podetia,  tipped! 
with  rufous-fuscous,  abortive  apothecia,  is  most  common. 

Series  2.     Fu  s  c  c  s  c  en  t  c  s,    Fr.      Podetia  greenish-fuscous  (andl 
cinerascent).     Apothecia  fuscous. 

*    Scijphifera:,  Fr.     Podetia  passing  into  a  terminal  scyphus,  closcdj 

with  a  diaphragm. 

4.  C.  caispilicin,  Flocrk.    Thallus  ca'spitose,  of  pale-grccn,  lacinialel 
scjuamules  ;  podetia  very  short,  glabrous,  dilated  above  (and  wantinj;): 
apoth.  fuscous.    Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  8.    Ccnonujce,  Arh.  Syn.  p.  247. 

Trunks  of  trees  and  rocks,  fertile  ;  Now  England.    Now  York,  ]lai-\ 
SCI/.     (Cf.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  218.) 

5.  C.  pijxidata,  Fr.  Th.  squamulosc  ;  podetia  cartilagineous-coili, 
cate,  at  length  verrucose,  or  furfuraceous,  green-cinerascent ;  tlicI 
scyphiferous  ones  turbinate  ;  sryplii  cyathiform,  dilated  ;  afjoth.  fus-j 
cous.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  /?.  216.  Ccnomycc,  Ach.  !  Syn.  p.  252.  — ,5.  iV 
cillum,  Ach.  ;  th.  of  largo,  thickened  lobules;  podetin  dilated  seiisiblvl 


I p ward  frc 
\ch.  Liclu 
On  the 
lestward. 
SaskatchaA 
in- 
land ;  perl 
jichen   (E 
.ich.  N.  E 
atli  simila 

6.  C.gr 
cate,  polisl 
\)gr.  p.  21 J 
Bcyphi  dila' 

c.  C.  v, 
Luct. ;  th.  ( 
lules ;  pot 
•;'.  hyhn 
scyphi  dila 
1(5.  ehngata 
Idiminishcd. 
\Cladonia^  . 
\Lichen.,  L. 
jsubulate,  si 
\luJiformis.i 
Iraceous,  ei 
xsuhuliformi 
On  the  e 
[tains ;  —  y 
[dcgoneratio 
\scy.  Penn: 
[Greenland, 

7.  C.  de^ 

[corticate,  ir 
jccous),mot 

"  Apcithe 
Rncrrllic  nliq 
lean  sjH'cinic 


:s 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


49 


Flocrke  !  Com.i 
Mukl.  Arctic] 
1,  bcnealh,  in  tliel 
s,'  according  tcl 
lave  never  founci 


iniatc,  giaucoiif;.| 
the  same  color: 
rious  scyplii  im.j 
Fr.  Lichenngr.] 
ch. 
,  New  Engl  audi 


■granulate,  perJ 
•ous,  simple  orl 
ndivided   at  tlief 
ohcnogr.  p.  245, 
!.    Pt]cnoLhclia\ 

Mountains ;  fer- 
podetia,  tippedj 


h-fuscous   (amij 

icyplms,  closed  I 

green,  laciniatf| 
(and  wantiiij;): 
Vy/?..  ;;.  247. 
iew  York,  llal\ 


agmeons-corti' 

lerascent ;    tlicj 

d  ;  ajjutli.  fus-j 
or.k)         o    11,, 

lilated  scMsiblvl 


kpward  from  a  thick  base,  verrucose  with  subsquamaceous  granules. 

ich.  Lichenogr.  p.  535. 
On  the  earth,  &c.,  very  common  and  variable ;  New  England,  and 

vestvvard.     New  York,  Torrey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl.     North  to  the 

feaskatchawan,  &c.,  Rich.;  Greenland,  Gieseke ;  and  Melville  Island, 
Br.  —  /5,  in  moist  crevices  of  rocks  in  the  mountains  of  New  Eng- 
land ;  perhaps  the  handsomest  state  of  the  species.     A  frequent  rail- 

Jchen    (Boeomyces   scolecinus,  Ach.,    Pycnothelia   scol.,  Tuckerm. 

.ich.  N.  E.)  is  a  degeneration.     Infertile  states  are  easily  confounded 
kvitli  similar  states  of  several  other  species. 

6.  C.  gracilis,  Fr.  Th.  squamulose ;  podetia  cartilagineous-corti- 
bate,  polished  ;  scyphi  somewhat  plane  ;  apoth.  fuscescent.  Fr.  Lichen- 
jj^r.  p.  218.  — a.  V er licillata,  Fr.  ;  podetia  shorter,  all  scyphiferous  ; 
^cyphi  dilated,  plane,  proliferous  for  the  most  part  from  the  centre.  Fr. 
'  c.  C.  verticillafa,  Hoffm.  Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  26.  —  (i.  cervicornis, 
Luct. ;  th.  of  conspicuous,  elongated,  erectish,  naked,  dark-green  squa- 
nules;  podetia  as  in  the  next,  of  which  this  is  the  macrophylline  state. 
■y.  hyhrida,  Fr. ;   podetia  longer  and  larger,  mostly  scyphiferous; 

Bcyphi  dilated,  and  commonly  proliferous  from  the  margin.  Fr.  I.  c. 

p.  elnngata,  Fr. ;  podetia  elongated,  mostly  subulate  or  furcate  ;  scyphi 
jdiminishcd,  somewhat  concave.  Fr.  !  I  c.  Cenomyce  gracilis,  Ach. 
Wladonia,  Hoffm.  Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  30.  Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 
jLiche7i,  L.—*  vermicularis,  Auct.  ;  podetia  papyraceous,  prostrate, 
jsubulate,  subsimple,  imperforate,  white.  C.  vermicular  is,  DC.  C.  su- 
huliformis,  Hoffm.  Tuckerm.  I.  c.  —**  taurica,  Auct.  ;  podetia  papy- 
Iraceous,  erectish,  ventricose,  ramose,  white.  C.  iaurica,  Hoffm.  C. 
Y^^hdiformis,  ft.  taurica,  Tuckenyi.  I.  c. 

On  the  earth,  most  perfect,  and  in  all  the  varieties,  on  high  moun- 
itains;  —  ;/  being  an  alpine  state,  but  descending  ;  and  *  and  **  alpine 
Idcgenerations.f  Now  England  and  westward.  New  York  («),  Hal- 
Wy.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  North  to  Point  Lake,  &c.,  Rich.;  and 
{Greenland,  Gieseke. 

7.  C.  degenerans,  Floerk.  Th.  squamulose  ;  podetia  cartilagineous- 
I  corticate,  irregularly  proliferous-ramose  (glabrous  or  granulate-furfura- 
I  ccous),  more  or  less  squamulose-e.xasperate,  grecn-pallescent,  becoming 

"  Apothecia  Jateralia,  sparea,  ntra,  ihallo  innata,  eoque  subniarginala,  n|iolIi. 
I  Rncrrlltc  aliquo  rnocio  accedentin,"  were  observed  by  Brown  in  some  Arctic  Amer- 
ican specimens  of  (R.  Br.  in  Parry's  First  Voy.  App.  p.  307). 


00 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


U 


blackish  and  white-spotted  at  the  base ;  scyphi  irregular,  cristate-lacer- 
ate  ;  apoth.  fuscous.    Floerk. !  Clad.  p.  41.    Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  221. 
Cenomyce  gonorega,  Ach.  -  /?;  scyphi  digitately  divided  into  fastigiate| 
branches,  and  becoming  carious  with  age.    Fr.  I.  c.     Cenomyce  carlo- 
sa,  Ach. 

On  the  earth ;  comnnon  in  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey. 
Pennsylvania,  Muhl.     (Southward  to  Virginia,  Dill.) 

8.  C.funbriata,  Fr.    Th.  squamulose  ;  podetia  cylindrical,  the  whole  I 
membranaceous  epidermis  deliquescing  into  a  fine,  glaucous-candicanlj 
dust ;  scyphi  cupulocform  with  an  erect  margin ;  apoth.  fuscous.   Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  222.     Lichen  Jimbriatus,  i.  —  «  ;    podetia   short,  all 
scyphiferous;  scyphi  somewhat  dentate ;  apoth.  simple.    Fr.  I.  c.    D}ll 
Muse.  t.  14,  /.  8.    Lichen  jimbriatus,  «,  L.  —  ^.  tubcsformis,  Fr. ;  poj 
detia  elongated,  mostly  scyphiferous  ;  scyphi  somewhat  entire  ;  apoth, 
symphycarpeous.   Fr.  I  c.    Lichen  Jimbriatus,  (i,  L.  — ;..  radiata,  Fr. ; 
podetia  elongated,  subulate,  or  the  scyphi  proliferous-subulate,  oroblit- 
erated  and  radiate-fimbriate.    Fr.  I.  c.    Lichen  fmibriatus,  y,  L. 

On  the  earth,  common  in  mountainous  districts,  and  fertile;  Newl 
England.  New  York,  Halsey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl  Northward  to| 
Arctic  America,  Rich. 

9.  C.  cornuia,  Fr.     Th.  squamulose  ;  podetia  cylindrical,  somewhat | 
ventricose,  the  epidermis  cartilagineous  and  persistent  below,  membra- 
naccous  and  becoming  powdery-deliquescent  above  ;  scyphi  narrowed, 
rather  plane,  with  an  incurved,  somewhat  entire  margin;  apoth.  fus-l 
ecus.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  225.    Lichen  cornufiis,  L. 

Trunks  among  mosses,  dead  wood,  &c.,  in  the  mountains  of  New| 
England ;  fertile. 

10.  C.  decorlicata,  Floerk.     Th.  squamulose  ;  podetia  slender,  cy- 
lindrical, the  submembranaceous  epidermis  separating  into  furfuraceous  | 
scales,  pulverulent  ;   scyphi  narrowed   or  obsolete  ;    apoth.   fuscous. 
Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  10.   Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  226.  —  ^?.  symphycarpea,  Fr. ;  j 
podetia  somewhat  simple  ;  apoth.  symphycarpeous.    Fr.  I.  c.  —  y.  {ra- 
mosa),  Fr. ;  podetia  branched,  subulate,  sterile.    Fr.  I.  c. 

On  the  earth,  in  mountainous  districts.  White  Mountains ;  fertile. 
Distinguishable  from  similar  decorticate,  symphycarpeous  states  of  C 
pyxidatn  by  its  pulverulence. 

**  Pcrvia;,  Fr.     Podetia  not  passing  into  closed  scyphi,  but  the  axils 


and  apic 
slender,  i 

11.   C.  c 

Ichotomous-l 
jcous-pruino! 
lincurved  me 
\Liche?iogr.  i 
35.  Floerk. 
Igid  ;  axils  a 
|fruticulose ; 
On  the  ei 
linfertile. 

12.  C.pm 
Jte  and  grar 

Iwith  scales  a 
led  branches : 
\Spicil.  ji.  37 
7.  C.  squ 
Decaying 
[Pennsylvania 

13.  C.  squ 

[what  pulveri 
land  exaspera 
lapolh.  cymos 
podetia  ventr 
\Cenomyce  spc 
jw«/fl,  Fr. ;  pc 
I  late.  Fr.!  I. 
On  the  eai 
|in  mountainoi 

14.  C.furc 

Idclia  dichotoi 
jish-fuscous  ;  j 
pale  becominj 
i —  u.  erispatc 
y  c.  p.  148.  , 
I'lilatcd  and  fis 


AND   BRITISH    AMERICA. 


51 


,  cristate-lacer- 
lenogr.  p.  221. 
i  into  fastigiatel 
enomyce  carlo- 

York,  Halsey.l 

•ical,  the  whole 
cous-candicant! 
.  fuscous.   Fr.i 
etia   short,  all 
Fr.  I.  c.   D}ll\ 
rmis,  Fr. ;  po- 
entire  ;  apoth.| 
.  radiaia,  Fr, ; 
ulate,  or  oblit- 
'.s,  y,  L. 
fertile  ;  New! 
Northward  to 

m],  somewhat 
low,  memLM'a-| 
phi  narrowed, 
1 ;  apoth.  fiis- 

itains  of  New 

slender,  cy- 
)  furfuraceous  I 
oth.   fuscous, 
ycarpea,  Fr. ;  | 
■  c.  —  y.  (rfl- 

tains ;  fertile.  I 
states  of  C 


but  the  axils 


and  apices  dilated-infundibuliform,  or  simply  perforate  in  the  more 
slender,  mu?h-branched  forms. 

11.  C.cenotea,  Schrer.  Th.  squamulose,  dissected;  podctia  di- 
jchotomous-brachiate,  membranaceous-corticate,  at  length  finely  glau- 
Icous-pruinose;  axils  and  fertile  apices  dilated,  infundibuliform,  with 
Inicurved  margins  ;  '  apolh.  sessile,  from  pale  becoming  fuscous.'  Fr  '  ,A 
Wchemgr.  (sub  C,  brachiata),  p.  228.  C.  cenoiea,  Schcer.  Spicil.  p 
p.  Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  135.  Bceomyces  dein  Cenomyce,  Ach.  —  «  ;  tur- 
Igid  ;  axils  and  apices  as  above.  Fr.  I.  c.  _  ^.  furcellata,  Fr. ;  slender, 
Ifruticiilose  ;  branches  subulate,  axils  perforate.    Fr.  I.  c. 

Oo  the  earth,  in  mountainous  districts.     White  Mountains ;  as  yet 
■infertile. 

12.  C.  parasitica,  Scha3r.     Th.  squamulo.se,  narrowly  erose-lacini- 
.teand  granulate-pulverulent;  podetia  delicate,  at  length  besprinkled 

Kvth  scales  and  granules,  divided  above  into  short,  somewhat  incrassat- 
|ed  branches  ;  apoth.  minute  (often  symphycarpeous),  fuscous.  Scha:r.  ! 
Spicil.  p.  37.  Lichen  parasiticus,  Hoffm.  C.  delicata,  Floerk.  !  Clad. 
-  7.     C.  squamosa,  var.  delicata,  Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  231. 

Decaying  logs,  common  in   mountainous  districts ;   New  England.       ' 
Pennsylvania,  Muhl.     (Cf.  Fries,  I.  c.)  * 

13.  C.  squarnosa,  HofTm.     Th.  squamulose,  dissected,  often  some- 
what pulverulent;  podetia  branched,  lacunose,  at  length  decorticate, 
and  exasperate  with  squamaceous  granules  ;  axils  pervious, denticulate; 
apoth.  cymose,  fuscous.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  231.  _  «.  veutricosa,  Fr. ; 
jpodetia  ventricose  ;  axils  and  apices  dilated-infundibuliform.  Fr.  !  I.  c.       ^ 

Cenomyce  sparassa,  Ach.  Cladonia,  Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  129.  — /?.  atten- 
|w«/a,  Fr. ;  podetia  more  slender,  attenuate,  axils  pervious,  apices  subu- 
'late.    Fr.'l.  c. 

On  the  earth,  decaying  logs,  and  stones,  most  perfect  and  frequent 
in  mountainous  districts  ;  New  Enj^land. 

14.  C.f areata,  Floerk.  Th.  squamulose,  somewhat  dissected;  po- 
detia dichotomous-fruticulose,  cartilagineous-corticate,  polished,  green- 
jish-fuscous  ;  axils  and  fertile  apices  pervious ;  apoth.  pedicellate,  from 
pale  becoming  fuscous.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  229.  Floerk.  Clad.  p.  141. 
—  «.  crispaia,  Fi. ;  turgid  ;  axils  and  apices  infundibuliform.  Floerk.  ! 
p.  c.  p.  148.  Fr.  !  I.  c.  —  ^.  cristata,  Fr. ;  somewhat  turgid  ;  obliquely 
•iilatcd  and  fiinbriatc-cristatc  at  the  axils  ;  the  apices  cristate-ramulosc. 


62 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


Fr.  I.  c.    Bill.  Muse.  p.  544,  &  Icon,  t.  82,  /,   1. — y.  racemosa, 
Floerk. ;  podetia  elongated,  turgescent,  ramose,  and,  as  well  as  the  ax- 
ils, gaping ;  branches  recurved  or  erect,  fertile  ones  explanate.  Floerk. !  I 
I.  c.  p.  152.    Fr.  !  I.  c.  —  5.  suhulata,  Floerk. ;  podetia  elongated,  morel 
slender,  with  subpertuse  axils  ;  apices  of  the  fertile  ones  cloven  ;  branch- 
es erectish,  or  also  recurved,  or  divergent.    Floerk.!  I.  c.  p.  143.    Fr.\ 
I.  c.  —  s.  pungens,  Ach.  ;  small,  ctespitose,  very  much  and  intricately] 
branched,  fragile,  pallescent  or  whitish-cinereous,   Fr.  I.  c.  C.  pungens, 
Floerk.  I.  c.  p.  156.     C.  rangiformis,  Hojfin. 

On  the  earth,  common  ;  most  perfect  in  mountainous  regions;  Newl 
England  to  Ohio.  New  York,  Halsey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl. — ,?,[ 
Pennsylvania,  Dill.  —  t.  Greenland,  Floerke. 

15.  C.  rangiferina,  Hoffm.     Th.  crustaceous,  evanescent ;  podetia 
fruticulose,  trichotomously  and  very  much  branched,  somewhat  tomen-l 
tose,  cincrascent ;    axils  subperforate ;   sterile  apices  nodding,  fertilel 
ones  erect,  cymose  ;  apoth.  fuscous.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  243.    Floerk.l\ 
Clad.  p.  IGO.  —  (5.  sylvalica,  Floerk.;  slender,  smoother,  pale-straw- 
colored.    Floerk.  Clad.  p.  1G7.    Fr.  I.  c.  —  ;'.  alpestris,  Floerk. ;  soft- 1 
ish,   the   branches   and    branchlets   very  densely    thyrsoid-entangled. 
Floerk.  Clad.  p.  165.    Fr.  I.  c. 

On  the  earth,  common  everywhere,  and  fertile ;  New  England,! 
New  York  (or,  /?,  and  y),  Halsey.  Pennsylvania,  Dill.  Northward  toj 
Canada,  Michaux ;  Greenland,  Gieseke;  and  elsewhere  in  Arctic  Amer-| 
ica,  Rich.,  R.  Br. 


Series  3.  OchroleuccE,  Fr. 
fuscous-cerulescent  at  the  base, 
colored,  lutescent  within. 


Podetia  ochroleucous ;   at  lengthl 
Apothecia  somewhat  livid-flesh- 


16.  C.  carncola,  Fr.      Th.  squamulose ;    podetia    membranaceous- 
corticate,  at  length  finely  pulverulent,  ochroleucous,  becoming  fuscous- 
cerulescent  ijt  the  base,  the  scyphiferous  ones  turbinate  ;  apoth.  pale- 
flesh-colored  fuscescent.     Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  233  —  «  ;  podetia  turbi-l 
nate,  all  scyphiferous,  simple  or  proliferous.    Fr.  I.  c.  —  /?;  podetia! 
elon^ited-turbinate,  with  radiate,  subulate   prolifications.    Fr.  I.  c.  —I 
y.  cyanipes,  Fr. ;  podetia  very  long,  cylindrical,  simple,  or  the  scypliij 
obliterated  and  passing  into  somewhat  divaricate,  sterilescent  branches,] 
Fr.  I.  c.    Icon,  Laur.  in  St.urm''s  Fl.  t,  13. 

On  the  earth  ;  Arctic  America.     Greenland,  Fries. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


53 


17.  C.  DespreauxH,  Bory  ms.  Th.  evanescent ;  podetla  elongated, 
slender,  cartilagineous-corticate,  the  epidermis  separating  below  into 
jbluisli-white  squamules,  and  becoming  above  finely  granulate  (not  pul- 
Iverulcnt),  pale  sulphureous,  becoming  bluish-fuscescent  at  the  base  ; 
Iscyphi  narrow,  proliferous-radiate,  or  passing  into  and  obliterated  in 
jsterilescent  branchlets  ;  apoth,  minute,  pale-flesh-colored  fuscescent. 
I  Cenomyce  DespreauxH,  Bory,  fide  schedul.  in  herb.  Berol. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  districts.  VVhi  ountains.  Newfoundland, 
I  Bory  ! 

IS.  C.  amaurocraa,  Floerk.     Th.  crustaceous,  evanescent ;    pode- 
Itia  elongated,  slender,  polished,  somewhat  curved-decumbent,  pale- 
j straw-colored  ;  apices  fuscous-black,  those  of  the  sterile  podetia  subu- 
late, variously  branched,  of  the  scyphiferous  ones  irregularly  prolifer- 
ous-branched ;  scyphi  narrow,  oblique,  margin  dentate-radiate  ;  apoth. 
pale-flesh-colored  fuscescent.    Floerk.!  Clad.  p.  119,     Cenomyce  oxy- 
I  ceras,  Ach.  Syn. 

On  the  ear.h  in  alpine  districts.     White  Mountains,  very  luxuriant 
I  and  fertile.     Greenland,  Floerke,  and  elsewhere  in  Arctic  America, 
Rich. 

19.  C.  Botrytis,  HofFm.  Th.  squamulose  ;  podetia  cylindrical,  car- 
tilagineous-corticate, verruculose,  ochroleucous  ;  somewhat  divided  into 
subfastigiate  branches;  apoth.  pale-flesh-colored  and  pallescent.  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  234. 

On  the  earth,  and  decaying  logs.     New  York,  Hahey. 

20.  C.  imcialis,  Fr.  Th.  crustaceous,  evanescent ;  podetia  fruticu- 
lose, dichotomous,  smooth,  greenish-straw-colored;  axils  subperforate  ; 
sterile  apices  erect,  blackish,  fertile  ones  digitate-radiate  ;  apoth.  at  first 
pale-flesh-colored,  fuscescent.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  244.  Ach.  Syn.  p. 
276.     C.  stellata,  Scha;r.  !  Spicil.  1,  p.  42  {excl  d).    Floerk.  !  Clad. 

IP-  171.  —  a.  humilior ;  shorter,  more  slender,  and  smooth,  somewhat 
attenuate,  the  axils  often  imperforate.  Fr.  I.  c.  Cenomyce  uncialis, 
Ach.  Lichenogr.  Lichen  tincialis,  AucL  —  /?.  adnnca,  Ach.;  taller, 
somewhat  turgid,  incrassated  above  ;  branches  short,  stellate-pa»ent,  the 
fertile  ones  cymose  ;  axils  gaping.  Ach.  I.  c.  j9.  277.  Fr.  I  c.  («.) 
C.  hiunriaJis,  Hnfm,  C.  adxmca,  Ach.  Lichenogr.-- y.  turgcsccns, 
Scha;r.  ;  softish,  turgid-incrassated,  the  branches  subtruncate,  fasligi- 
ate.  Scha:r.  Spicil.  I,  p.  808.  Fr.  I.  c. 
On  the  earth  :  a,  sands,  and  sterile  pine  woods  (fertile  .')  ;  — fl,  in 


-^ 


54 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


> 


similar  places,  fertile;  and  abundant  also  in  mountainous  districts;^ 
/,  alpine  and  sulmlpine  regions  ,;   New  England.     New  York,  HalseA 
Pennsylvania  («  and  ^?),  Muhl.     Canada  (/?),  Michaux. 

21.  C.Boryi,  Tuckerm.     Th.   (crustaceous)   evanescent;    podetia| 
turgid,  fruliculose,  dichotomous,  fastigiale-ramose,  rugulose  becomin 
reticulate-perforate,  pale  sulphureous  and  glaucescent ;  axils  scypliil 
form,  entire,  at  length  cribrose-perforate  ;  sterile  apices  scyphiform, 
cristate-dentate,  entire  becoming  cribrose,  with  fuscous  tips ;   ferlilel 
ones  somewhat  cymose-radiate  ;  apoth.  flesh-colored,  at  length  dark- 
fuscous.   C  uncialis,  var.  reticulata,  Russell,  in  Essex  Jour.  Nat.  Hist\ 
Tuckerm.  Eumn.  Lick.  N.  Amer.  p.  53,  excl  syn.  — /?.  lacunosa  ;   po. 
detia  incrassated,  obtusish,  lacunose-subperforate,  glaucous  ;  axils  and 
apices  scarcely  scyphiform,  sparingly  subdentate.    Cenomyce  lacunosal 
Bory,  fide  sched.  in  herb.  Berol. 

On  the  earth,  near  the  sea,  fertile  ;  Hingham,  Duxbury,  Mr.  RusselVA 
and  elsewhere  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts,  Dr.  Porter!  Mr.  Oakes'A 
—  /?,  alpine  and  montane  districts,  infertile  ;   White  Mountains.     MoJ 
nadnoc,  Russell!   Newfoundland,  Bory!   I  have  endeavoured  to  point 
out  the  features  that  seem  to  distinguish  this  remarkable  Lichen  from  I 
C.  uncialis,  but  it  is  possible  that  the  conclusion  of  its  original  indica- 
tor may  be  correct.     The  podetia  become  very  turgid,  and  at  lengih| 
often  explanate,  measuring  in  one  of  my  specimens  eight  lines  in  'di- 
ameter at  the  base,  and  five  where  the  branches  begin.     The  New- 
foundland specimen,  and  our  alpine  ones,  belong  to  an  apparently! 
sterile,  subalpine  state  of  the  Lichen. 

Series  4.      Coccifercc,    Fr.     Podetia  greenish,  becoming  fulves- 

cent  at  the  base.    Apothecia  scarlet. 

*    Podetia  cartilagineous-corticate,  never  finely  pulverulent. 

22.  C.  cornucopioides,  Fr.  Th.  squamulose  ;  podetia  cartilagineous- 1 
corticate,  from  glabrous  becoming  verrucose  or  granulate-subpulveru- 
lent,  yellowish,  at  length  cinereous-green  ;  the  scyphiferous  ones  elon- 
gated-turbinate,  attenuate  below  ;  scyphi  cyathiform,  dilated ;  apoth. 
scarlet.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  236.  Licheti  cornucopioides,  L.  Fl.  Suec, 
Cenomyce  cocci/era,  Ach.  Cladonia,  Hoffm.  Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  89. 
Lichen  cocciferus,  L.  part.    Icon,  Laur.  in  Sturm's  Fl.  it.  23,  24,  ^5. 

On  the  earth.  Very  frequent  in  mountainous  districts,  but  often  in- 
fertile ;  New  England.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 
North  to  the  Saskatchawan,  &c..  Rick.,  and  Greenland,  Gieseke. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


55 


ous  districts;  — 
V  York,  //a/seji, 

:scent ;    podetia] 
jjose  becoming 

;  axils  scyphi- 
:es  scyphiform, 
JS  tips  ;    fertile! 
It  lengtii  dark- 
'our.  Nat.  Hist] 

lacunosa  ;  po- 
:ous  ;  axils  and 
inyce  lacunosaX 

r.Mr.RusseJVA 
'!  Mr.  Oakes\ 
juntains.     Mo- 
k'oured  to  point  j 
e  Lichen  from 
•riginal  indica-| 
,  and  at  lengih 
lit  lines  in  di- 
1.     The  New 
an  apparently! 


;oming  fulves- 

verulent. 

lartilagineous- 
te-subpulveru- 
3US  ones  elon- 
ilated  ;  apoth. 
,  L.  Fl.  Suec. 
'  Clad.  p.  89. 
it.  23,  24,  ^5, 
I  but  often  in- 
Ivania,  MuM. 
Gieseke. 


23.  C.  beUidiJlora,  Schaer.  Th.  of  minute,  dissected  squamules;  po- 
Betia  cartilagineous-corticate,  elongated,  ventricose-cylindrical,  glabrous, 
becoming  at  length  densely  clothed  with  dissected  squamules,  yellowish. 
It  length  cinereous-green ;  scyphi  extremely  narrow;  apoth.  (often 
fconglomerate,  or  symphycarpeous),  scarlet.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  237. 
bchcer. !  Spicil.  p.  21.     Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  95. 

On  the  earth,  in  alpine  districts;  White  Mountains.  Greenland, 
^loerke. 

24.  C.  Hookeri,  Tuckerm.  Th.  of  rather  thick,  large,  ascendant 
|quamnles;  podetia  cartilagineous-corticate,  elongated,  cylindrical,  "la- 
Vous,  becoming  at  length  squamulose,  sulphur-yellow  ;  scyphi  cupultc- 
form  ;  apoth.  scarlet. 

On  the  earth  ;  Newfoundland,  Herb.  Hook.  !  This  beautiful  species 
tesembles  C.  deformis  in  some  respects,  but  belongs  to  the  present  sub- 
division, and  seems  very  distinct  from  every  other  scarlet-fruited  Cla- 
donia  with  which  I  am  acquainted.  I  venture  to  inscribe  it  to  the  illus- 
|rious  botanist  who  first  proposed  a  complete  survey  of  the  cryptogamy 
^)f  British  America,  and  who  has  done  more  than  any  other  to  illus- 
Irate  it. 

25.  C.  Floerkiana,  "">.  Th.  squamulose;  poaetia  cartilagineons- 
borticate,  cylindrical,  slender,  glabrous,  becoming  at  length  g.Inulate- 
f^errucose  or  squamose-decorticate,  greenish  and  pallescent,  nigrescent 
at  the  base  ;  scyphi  passing  into  somewhat  digitate,  fastigiate  branch- 
es ;  apoth.  scarlet.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  238.  F/oerk.  Clad.  p.  99.  Li- 
then  digitatus,  E.  Dot.  t.  2439.  Icones,  Dill.  Muse.  t.  15,  /.  19,  c. 
liuur.  in  Sturm's  Fl.  t.  14,  d. 

On  the  earth,  decaying  logs,  dead  wood,  and  rocks,  common  and  fer- 
lile;  New  England, 

**    Epidermis  of  the  podetia  membranaceous,  dissolving  into  a  fine 

dust. 


26.    C.  macilenta,  IIofTm.      Th.  squamulose;   podetia  cylindrical, 

ender,  membranaceous-corticate  above,  becoming  hoary-pulverulent ; 

icyphi  narrow,  tubicform  with  an  erect  margin,  or  obsolete ;   apoth. 

f^cnrlot.  Fr.  Lichpnogr.  p.  241.  =  «.  Jllifhrmis,  Fr. ;  podetia  very  slen^ 
ler;  scyphus  narrow,  entire,  or  obliterated  by  a  symphycarpeous  apo- 
hecium.  Fr.H.c.  C  filiformis,  Sch^r.  !  Spicil.  p.  19.  Tuckerm. 
'Jch.  JV,  E.  I.  c.    Cenomyce  hacillaris,  Ach.    C.  poly dactyla,  Floerk.  ! 


86 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NOllTHERN    STATES 


Clad.  p.  108. — (J.  clavafa,  Fr. ;    podetia  ventricoso,  subulate  nt  thtj 
apices  or  branched,  siibsterile.     Fr.  1.  c. 

On  the  earth,  decaying  logs,  dead  wood,  and  rocks  ;  common  iJ 
mountainous  districts,  and  fertile  ;  New  Knjrland.  Pennsylvania,  Mu/if 
Ochrocarpous  states  of  this  species,  in  wliich  the  bright  scarlet  of  tlif 
apothecia  is  changed  to  a  pale  yellow,  occur  in  our  mountains,  but  lt'« 
frequently  than  similar  forms  of  C.  Floerkiana. 

27.  C.  digitain,  Iloffm.  Th.  squamulose  ;  podetia  cylindrical,  bo 
coming  ochroleucous-pulverulent  above;  scyphi  narrowed,  with  an  ir, 
curved,  entire  margin,  becoming  at  length  ampliate,  and  ihe  margi[ 
somewhat  proliferons-palmate  ;  apoth.  scarlet.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  240 
Scha-r. !  Spicil.  p.  22.  Floerk.  !  CInd.  p.  102.  Lichen  digitatus,  I 
Icon,  Laiir.  in  Sturm''s  Fl.  t.  ir>,  IG.  —  «.  platyphyUina ;  lobules  o: 
the  thallus  dilated,  somewhat  entire  ;  scyphi  mostly  entire.  Fr.  I.  c.~ 
(i.  micropliyUina;  scpiamules  of  the  tliallus  rather  small ;  scyphi  moslh 
palmate-ramose.     Fr.  I.  c. 

Decaying  trunks,  and  moist  earth  among  mosses,  in  mountainous  dk 
tricts,  fertile  ;  New  England. 

28.  C.  defortnis,  HofTm.  Th.  squamulose ;  podetia  elongated,  cv 
lindrical  or  ventricose,  becoming  sulphureous-pulverulent  above  ;  scyph 
somewhat  narrow,  becoming  at  length  cuputeform  and  dilated,  wit: 
an  erect,  crenate-dentate  margin  ;  apoth.  scarlet.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  j 
239.     Schccr.  !  Spicil.  p.  23.   C.  cretmlata,  Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  105. 

On  the  earth,  common  upon  mountains,  a  conspicuous  Lichen,  fpr 
tile  ;  New  England.  Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rick.  Greer. 
land,  Floerke. 

29.  C.  sulphiiritin,  Michx.  (sub  Scyphoph.).  Podetia  simple,  at  firs; 
very  simply  and  slightly  scyphiform,  thick,  submembranaceous,  a; 
length  subclavate-elongatcd,  smooth,  the  apices  finally  irregularly  suL 
divided,  and  rimose-perforate,  hoary-sulphureous ;  fertile  scyphi  small: 
apoth.  confluent,  black-fuscous.  Scyphophorus  sulphuri7ius,  Michx.  E 
2,  p.  328.     Ccnomyce,  Ach.  Lichenogr.  p.  557.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  265.     j 

On  the  earth,  Canada,  Michaux  !  Fries.     This  is  the  "  Lichen  coc| 
ciferus ;  mnior,Dill.  t.  14,  f.  6,  M,"  of  Michaux's  herbarium,  the  spco 
mens  appearing  to  me,  at  the  time  I  examined  them,  to  resemble  soire 
states  of  C.  deformis.     Fries  observes  incidentally  (Lichenogr.  p.  23^ 
upon  Canada  specimens  (' specimina  authentica  Canadensia')  of  i\I 
chaux's  Lichen,  that  the  podetia  do  not  become  squamulose,  that  it  lia.^ 


ifimdihuliA 
[lis;  thus  di 
I.  It  is  pr 
if  Herb.  W 
Ic lungs  to  ^ 
liul  the  |)odi 
lie  C.  suiph 

lie  species 
Dceivcd  his 


Apothecia 
and  aranc 
nistaccous, 
3rtical  strat 
The  struct 
hy  Dr.  Kii 

H.  roscus, 
lotliccia  sul 

Sterile  cla; 
he  sterile  sui 


'I/.     1 


ennsj 


Apothecia 
to  a  propel 
jbimmarginf 
)ncealiiig  tin 
lal-black.  ' 
nstaceous,  c 
a  stipitate  i 
riginally  bla( 

Sect.  L 


I  1.  B.  decip 
>to,  angulale. 


AND    nRITISU    AMRniCA. 


57 


subulate  at  tht 

ts ;  common  in 
isylvania,  Mukf 
It  scarlet  of  tht 
luntains,  but  Itss 

cylindrical,  be 
ved,  with  an  ir, 
and  ihe  mar"i: 

c  ■ 

•henogr.  p.  2 10 
n  digitalus,  I 
ina  ;  lobules  o; 
:ire.  Fr.  I.  c.  ~ 
1 ;  scyphi  mosll; 

dounlainous  di; 

elongated,  cy 
It  above ;  scypi, 
id  dilated,  wit: 
'.  Lichenogr.  j 
'ad.  p.  105. 
>us  Lichen,  frr 

Rich.     Greci. 

a  simple,  at  firs; 
ibranaceous,  a: 
irregularly  sul 
e  scyphi  small: 
hms,  Michx.  ¥ 
Si/71.  p.  265. 
i  "  Lichen  coc 
rium,  the  spcc' 
resemble  son;; 
henogr.  p.  23* 
densia')  of  }\ 
lose,  that  it  h:; 


ifimdibuliform  and  not  true  scyphi,  and  much  of  the  habit  of  C.  unci- 

|lis  ;  Ihiis  distinj,'uishing  it  from  C.  beliidifiora,  to  which  Tloerke  referred 

it  is  probable  that  the  "  H.x-omyces  tubulosus,  Richard.  Canada," 

If  Herb.  Willd. !  which  also  appeared  to  me  to  resemble  C.  deformis, 

jclongs  to  Michau.\\s  species,  and  in  this  case  the  ihallus  is  squamulose, 

Jjid  the  podetia  are  finely  pulverulent  above.     It  appears  ceitain  that 

^le  C.  sulphurina  of  Fries  is  not  the  C.  Ilookeri  of  this  Enumeration. 

lie  species  is  also  common  in  North  Carolina,  according  to  Fries,  who 

.Jt'coivcd  his  specimens  from  Schweinitz. 

XIV.    B^EOMVCKS,  Fr. 

Apothecia  from  the  first  globose,  immarginafe,  ve!ate,at  length  emp- 
and  arancous  within,  the  base  closely  surrounding  a  stipe.     Thallus 

rustaccous,  imiform,  protruding  fertile  stipes,  which  are  destitute  of  a 

)rtical  stratum. 

The  structure  of  Ba-omyces  rosons  has  been  illustrated  very  minute- 
by  Dr.  Kuttlingcr  (Allg.  Bot.  Zeit.  IS15,  pp.  577- 5S4,  &  t.  vi.). 

B.  roscus,  Pers.     Crust  verrucose,  glaucous ;  stipes  short,  cylindrical  ; 
)tliccia  subglobose,  fiesh-colored.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  246.' 
Sterile  clay-soils,  and  sands  ;  New  England  ;  and  abundant  also  on 
|ie  sterile  surfaces  of  slides  in  the  White  Mountains.     New  York,  Tor- 
fjl.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

j  XV.     BIATORA,  Fr. 

I  Apothecia  margined  at  first  by  a  waxy  thalline  exciple  converted 
a  proper  c.vciplc,  becoming  at  length  hemispherical  or  globose, 
bimmarginate,  solid,  and  cephaloid.  Disk  at  length  dilated,  turgid, 
::ealiiig  the  paler  margin,  placed  upon  a  stratum  oftener  paler,  never 
-black.  Thallus  horizontal,  arising  from  a  hypothallus,  somewhat 
taceous,  cfiiguratc,  or  uniform.  Podetia  wanting,  but  the  apotlie- 
^a  stipitate  in  a  few  species.  The  margin  of  the  apothecia  never 
tti finally  black.     Fr. 

4 

*       Sect.  L     Thallus  squamose,  or  'obed  at  the  circumference. 
f  *    Apothecia  sessile. 

I  1.  B.  decipieus,  Fr.     Scales  of  the  thallus  discrete,  somewhat  pel- 
ft<,  angulale,  dark-flesh-colorod  ;  beneath  and  at  the  circumference 

8 


riist 


58 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NOHTHERN    STATES 


white  ;  apothecia  marginal,  adnate,  somewhat  immarginate,  blackish, 
white  within.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  252.    Lecidea,  Ach.  Sijn.  p.  52. 

On  the  earth,  especially  in  alpine  districts.  Arctic  America,  Rich. 
Pennsylvania,  Muld. 

2.  B.  ghbifera,  Fr.  Th.  squamose,  imbricate,  greenish-chestnut, 
somewhat  shining ;  scales  reniform,  rugose,  lobate  ;  apolh.  elevated, 
globose,  somewhat  immarginate,  from  rufous  becoming  black,  whitisl 
within.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  255.  Lecidea,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  51.  Icox. 
Laiir.  in  Sliirnis  Fl.  t.  26. 

Clefts  and  depressions  of  rocks.  North  America,  Ach.  Pennsylva 
nia,  MiihL     New  York,  Halsey. 

3.  B.  rufo-nigra,  Tuckerm.  Th.  rquamose,  imbricate,  from  pale  rii. 
fous  becoming  blackish  ;  scales  irregularly  suborbiculate,  ascending 
crenate-lobate  ;  apoth.  adnate,  plane,  obtusely  margined,  atrorufous,  a' 
length  convex,  black.  Placodium  sp.  nov.  Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  ( 
1838. 

Rocks  ;  near  Boston.     Scales  of  the  thallus  small,  obscure  to  th; 

naked  eye. 

4.  B.  airo-rufa,  Fr.  Th.  crustaceous,  smoothish,  adnate,  at  first  coc 
tiffuous,  becoming  at  length  areolate,  cinereous-fuscescenf,  black  be 
neath  ;  at  the  circumference  foliaceous-lobate  ;  apoth.  ap])lanate-adna;i 
rufous-fuscous,  whitish  within.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  255.  Lecidea,  Ad 
Lichenogr.  p.  200. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  districts.     White  Mountains. 

**    Apothecia  stipitate,  margin  at  length  revolute. 

5.  B.  placophylla,  Fr.  Th.  subcrustaceous,  orbicular,  corrugate; 
glaucous-virescent,  at  the  circumference  foliaceous,  lobes  rounded,  an 
crenate  ;  white  beneaih  ;  apoth.  stipitate,  pileiform,  rufous-fuscoiii 
stipes  thick,  compres'^ed,  longitudinally  rugulose.  Fr.  Lichenogr.} 
257.    Bceomyces,  Ach.  Meth.  p.  323,  Sf  Icon,  L  7,  /.  4.    Lich,  Vni: 

p.  574. 

On  sandy,  sterile  earth  ;  slides,  and  banks  of  streams,  in  the  Whi 

Mountains. 

6.  B.  Byssoides,  Fr.  Th.  crustaceous,  effuse,  granulose,  grccni?: 
glaucous,  squamulose  at  the  circumference ;  hypoth.  fibrillose,  whitf 
apoth.  substipitate,  pileiform,  from   flesh-colored   becoming  fuscoui 


stipes  rather 
granules  of  ) 
ckevogr.  p. 
Wahl  B.B 
muceous,  crc 
^.  riipestris, 
apoth.  smalle 
or.  rugose,  ci 
/.  c.  BiEom. 
1  Common  i 
f  slides,  banks 
land.  —  (?,  ro 
sey.  — /,  dec 
almost  sessi!( 
!  at  the  White 
aciculare  ilk 
atorai.  The 
distinguishing 
to  Ba'omyc^s 
cr  in  Allg.  B 


7.  B.  icma 
[cous;  liypotl 

Iciipular,  with 
:|ciV/c'«,  Ach. 
Decaying 
alpine  distric 
\Muhl.     Arct 
[111  ours,  as  in 

8.  B.  vern 
■from  a  meml 
ibose,  clustere 

^nalis.,  Borr. 
Trunks  in 
-PNew  York,  1 

19.  B.  pinei 
apoth.  (minu 

i 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


59 


late,  blackish,] 
in.  p.  52. 
merica,  Rich.M 

jnish-chestnuli 

lolh.  elevated,! 

black,  whitishf 

p.  51,     Icon,; 

h.    Pennsylva-| 

,  from  pale  rul 
ite,  ascending.i 
,  atrorufous,  a; 
ich.  N.  E.  I.  (4 
* 
obscure  to  tjiei 

xte,  at  first  con'i 

cnt ;  black  be| 

ij)Ianate-aclnate.^ 

Lcciden,  Am 


ilute. 

lar,  corrugateil 
es  rounded,  aiK| 
rufous-fuscousi 
\  Lichenngr. 
4.    Lich.  l/nitl 

IS,  in  the  Whia 

lulose,  grccnis3 
fibrillose,  wliite| 
oming  fuscousi 


[stipes  ratlier  short,  somewhat  compressed,  corticate  with  the  ascending 
jgraniiles  of  the  crust  or  naked,  often  subdivided  at  'he  apex.  Fr.  Li- 
\che7i()gr.  p.  257.  BcEomyces  rvpestris,  Ach.  Lich.  p.  573.  B.  rufus^ 
I  Wahl.  B.  Byssoides,  Sclupr.  —  u.  Fr. ;  granules  of  the  crust  subsqua- 
(maccous,  crenulate  (and  deliquescent),  greenish-glaucous.  Fr.  1.  c. — 
||5.  rupestris,  Fr.  ;  cr.  thin,  smoothish,  subcontiguous  (or  powdery) ; 
lapotli.  smaller.  Fr.  I.  c.  Baom.  rupestris,  Pers.  — y.  ligtiatilis,  Fr. ; 
Icr.  rugose,  cinereous-glaucoscent;  apoth.  subsessile,  fuscous-black.  Fr. 
\h  c.    BcEom.  Ugnorum,  Pers. 

Common  in  mountainous  districts  :  a,  sterile  sandy  and  clayey  soils ; 

glides,  banks  of  streams,  and  road-sides,  in  the  mountains  of  New  Eng- 

|land.  — ,?,  rocks  in  mountain  forests,  New  England.     New  York,  Hal- 

sey.  — '/,  decaying  wood,  in  similar  siluationo  with  the  last,  apothecia 

ilmost  sessile.     The  three  varieties  occur  often  in  close  neighbourhood 

It  the  White  Mountains.     This  species,  Stereocaulon  Fibula,  and  S. 

laciculare  illustrate  the  connection  of  Stereocaulon  with  the  sessile  Bi- 

latora!.     The  difference  of  structure,  indicated  by  Fries  as  generically 

jdistinguishing  Baiomyces  roseus  from  this  and  the  last  species,  referred 

Ito  Bffoniyc  ^s  by  Acharius,  has  been  further  illustrated  by  Dr,  KQttling- 

2r  in  Allg.  Bot.  Zeit.  iS45,  1.  c. 

Sect.  II.    Thallus  effuse,  uniform. 

7.  B.  icmadophila,  Fr.     Crust  tartareous,  granulate,  greenish-glau- 
cous; liypothallus  white;  apothecia  (la.rge)  softish,  incarnate,  exciple 

[cupular,  with  a  thin,  evanescent  margin.  Fr.  Liclienogr.  p.  258.  Le- 
\cidea,  Ach.    Baomyces,  DC. 

Decaying  wood  in  mountain  forests,  and  on  the  earth  ;  asccn(i.  •  j  to 
ilpine  districts ;  New  England.    New  York,  Torrey.     Pennsylvania, 
iMuM.     Arctic  America,  Rich.     Apothecia  sometimes  a  little  stipitate 
|in  ours,  as  in  the  European  Lichen. 

8.  B.  vernalis,  Fr.      Cr.  of  minute,  glaucescent   granules,  arising 
Ifrom  a  membranaceous,  whitish  hypolhallus  ;  apoth.  at  length  subglo- 

30se,  clustered,  flesh-colored,  and  fulvous-ferrugineous.    Lecidea  ver- 
mlis,  Borr.  in  Hook.  Br.  PL  2,  p.  183.    L.  luteola,  Ach. 

Trunks  in  mountain  forests,  growing  over  mosses ;  New  England. 
[New  York,  Halsey.     x\rctic  America,  Rich. 

9.  B.  pineti,  Fr.     Cr.  very  thin,  granulose,  greenish-glaucescent ; 
ipoth.  (minute)   sessile,  whitish ;  disk  becoming  at  length  yellowish- 


60 


LICHKNKS    OF    THE    NOUTHERN    STATES 


ing  Lccidc 
|u|)Otliecia  of 

I    15.  B.  dec 
us,  arcolate 


flcsli-colorcd,  finally  falling  out  and  the  apothecia  urceolatc.    Lecidea, 
Ach.  Syn.  p.  42.    JIoo/c.  Br.  Ft.  I.  c.    Bialora,  Fr.  Summ.  Fl.  Scani 
Scales  of  fir-bark,  and  on  the  earth.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

10.  B.  sanguineo-atra,  Fr,     Cr.  thin,  membranaceous,  effuse,  whit. 
ish-cincrous,  becoming  graniilose  ;  apoth.  sanguineous,  with  an  obscure     fflesli-colored 
paler  tnargin,  at  length  black.    Fr.  Sanwi.  Fl.  Scand.     B.  vernalk    inarsin  ;  finf 
/?  sanguinco-aira,  Fr.  Lichcnogr.  p.  iiGIJ. 

Trunks  and  rocks,  growing  over  mosses,  in  mountainous  districts; 
New  Enjfland. 


11.  U.  cartieohi,  Fv.  Cr.  confusfjd  with  the  hypothallus,  cartilagin. 
eous-membranaceous,  glaueescent,  at  length  granulate-pulverulent; 
apoth.  sessile,  concave,  naked,  from  reddish-tlesh-colored  beccmiii" 
fuscous,  e.xciple  cupular,  with  an  elevated,  at  length  evanescent,  paler 
margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  2(J4.    Lecidca,  Ach. 

Trunks  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Halseij.  Apothecia  somewliai 
larger  in  my  specimens  than  in  the  European  Lichen. 

12.  B.  spadicen,  Ach.  (sub  Lecid.).  Cr.  cartilagineous-membruna. 
ceous,  granulate,  glaueescent ;  apoth.  thick,  margin  very  finely  rugu- 
lose,  at  length  somewhat  convex  and  excluding  the  margin,  light-chest, 
nut  becoming  blackish,  within  of  the  same  color.  Lccidea  spadicea, 
Ach.  Sj/n.  p.  :54. 

Trunks;  Pennsylvania,  ilf«/i/.,  v4c/t.  Southward.  Fries  considers 
this  scarcely  distinct  from  the  last.  (Lichcnogr.  p.  264.) 

13.  B.  chinaharina,  Sommerf.  Cr.  confused  with  the  liypothallu!;, 
cartilagineous,  uneven,  glaucous  becoming  whitish  ;  apoth.  apprcssoii, 
cinnabar-red,  naked,  becoming  at  leng'h  convex, and  immarginate,  Fr. 
Lichcnogr.  p.  2Gfi.     Lecidea,  Soniinrrf.  Vet.  Ac.  IJandl.  1823  (c  Fr.]. 

Trunks.  Greenland,  Fries.  Lecidca  coccinea,  Schweiii.  in  Hak 
Lich.  N.  Y.  I  c.  1824,  which  carmot,  by  the  description,  be  distil 
guishcd  from  this,  occurs  in  New  York,  Halsei/,  and  appears  to  cxtomi 
to  N.  Carolina  !  {Mr.  Curtis). 

14.  B.  chlorantha,  Tuckcrm.  Cr.  of  discrete,  subsquamaceoi'.s-vor 
rucose  granules,  bright  grr-en,  and  white  within  (or  deliquescent  soreili. 
iferous)  ;  apoth.  somewhat  elevated,  becoming  plane,  and  at  loiij:!!; 
convex,  w  ith  a  thick,  flexuous,  paler  margin  ;  within  white  ;  disk  iri 


gresccnt. 


Bark  of  Pinus  Strobus,  and  otlu'r  trees;  New  England.     Jicbcin 


•V.  Liche7iog 
idea  decoloi 
On  the  Ci 
'jU^'land.     I* 


IG. 


B.  anc 


length  grant 
;loboso,som( 
k-ery  thin,  ev 

:l/\ch.  Syn.  p. 
Trunks,  dc 
^omon  omer 

17.  B.  mix 

■iigose-verruc 
li.sk  at  first  [ 
lui'gid,  fuscoL 
•licnogr.  p.  2' 

*i    Trunks,  an 

IS.  B.  pori 

It  length  rug< 

In ;  apoth.  elc 

Dvanesccnt  sp 

lu'uinosc,  witl 

|ng  tlic  margi 

Trunks,  in 

^'ear  to  B.  m 

intora  that  I 

:ii|)y  the  sami 

fvViiii  age  the 

ici[)li'  luiving  s 
i 

I    1!).  B.  ochr 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


CI 


ilatc.  Lee  idea. 
mm.  }''l.  Scani 
Wuhl. 

IS,  efTiise,  vvliit- 

vitli  an  obscure 

B.  vernalk 

inous  districts; 


llus,  cartiiagiii. 
lo-pulverulent; 
jr'jd  bcccniinj 
anescent,  paler 


ling  Lccidea  enterolouca,  but  witli  a  different  crust,  and,  1  think,  the 
potlieciu  of  the  present  genus. 

15.  B.  decolorans,  Fr.     Cr.  tartarcous,  confused  wit!i  the  hypothal- 

iiis,  areolate-granuiose,   glaucescent ;    apoth.  appressed,   naked,  from 

jlesli-colored  becoming  fuscous  and  black,  with  a  thin,  elevated,  paler 

bargin  ;  finally  convex  and  irregular,  and  the  margin  disappearing. 

•  I'r.  Lichcnogr.  p.  266.    Lccidea.,  dein  Lccanora  granulosa,  Ac/i.    Le- 

■ifvlva  decolorar.s.  Floerk.    Acli.  Syn. 

^    On  the  cartv.,  ^,ij  decaying  wood,  in  mountainous  regions;  New 
|i:iigland.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 


':^  10.  H.  anomala,  Fr.  Cr.  confused  with  the  white  hypothallus,  at 
|ungtli  granulose,  white-cincrascent ;  apoth.  becoming  liemisphericai- 
jgloboso, somewhat  hyaline-livid,  at  length  fuscescent  and  black,  margin 
Very  thin,  evanescent.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  269.  Lecanora  commulata, 
ecia  somewlia;     ^Ich.  Si/n.  p.  149. 

f    Trunks,  dead  wood,  &c.     New  York,  HaJsey.     An  obscure  species, 
^omon  omen.  Fr. 


)us-membrana' 
y  finely  rugu- 
;in,  light-chest. 
idea  spadicea. 

'Vies  considers 

e  hypothallus 
3th.  apprcssoil, 
narginate,  Fr 
1S23  {eFr. 
wein.  in  Hah. 
ion,  be  distiii. 
ears  to  e.xteml 


.  17.  B.  mixta,  Fr.  Cr.  cartilagincous,  confused  with  the  hypothallus, 
|ugose-verrucose,  milky-glaucescent ;  apoth.  adnate,  exciple  annular, 
xiisk  at  fu-st  plane,  pruinose,  flesh-colored  or  livid,  becoming  at  length 
|urgid,  fuscous,  and  black,  and  excluding  the  obtuse  margin.  Fr.!  Li- 
(lirnogr.  p.  268.  Lecidea  anonala,  Ack.  part.  Tuckerm.  Lich.  N  E 
I  r. 

'I'i'unks,  and  dead  wood.     New  England. 


Ill  lei 


IS.  B.  porphyritis,  Tuckerm.    Cr. subcartilagineous,  smooth, chinky, 

;nglh  rugose,  glaucescent  (and  greenish-sorediiferous) ;  white  with- 

I":  apoth.  elevated  on  a  white  thalline  stratum  which  constitutes  an 

cv.incscent  spurious  margin,  or  sessile  ;  disk  at  first  somewhat  plane, 

pruinose,  with  a  thick,  elevated  margin,  at  length  convex,  and  exclud- 

^iig  the  margin,  fuscous-nigrescent. 

Trunks,  in  the  mountains  of  I\rassachusetts  and  New  Hampshire. 
fear  to  B.  mixta,  but  us  that  is  one  of  the  smallest,  this  is  tlie  largest 
Jiatora  that  I  am  acquainted  with.  Several  apothccia  sometimes "oc 
Hipy  the  same  thalline  stratum,  as  in  B.  ochrophira  and  B.  aurantiaca. 
Willi  uge  the  apothccia  become  lle.xuous,  and  very  large,  a  single  ex- 
iiple  having  sometimes  a  diameter  of  two  lines. 

aii.I.     JloseiiiJ    It).  B.  ochropJura,  Tuckerm.     Cr.  subcartilagineous,  thickish,  gran- 


amaceoi'.s-vcr' 
lesccnt  sorcili' 
and  at  lt'iiij;tli 
hite  ;  disk  iii' 


62 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


ulate-verrucose  and  somewhat  plicate,  glaucescent  ;  hypoth.  pale: 
apoth.  elevated-subpedicellate  on  a  thalline  stratum,  which  constitute; 
a  thick,  subcrenulate,  at  length  evanescent  spurious  margin  ;  dist 
plane,  delicately  pruinate,  at  Icng'.h  convex,  and  excluding  hr,  thic 
elevated,  proper  margin,  from  pale  flesh-colored  becoming  blackish. 
fuscous. 

Trunks  in  the  mountainous  districts  of  Northern  New  Englanc 
common.  Apothecia  at  first  closed,  and  either  sessile  (when  sotii: 
states  resemble  Parmelia  carneo-Iutea,  Turn.)  or  elevated  on  a  proij 
berant  thalline  stratum,  at  length  lacerate-dchiscent  and  becoming  plane 
with  a  thick,  crenulate  thalline  -margin,  which  disappears,  leaving  th; 
marginate  disk.  It  has  often  all  the  aspect  of  a  Parmelia,  not  a  litt!( 
resembling  P.  rubra.  Is  the  structure  of  the  apothecia  in  the  last-men 
tioned  sptcies,  and  in  P.  carneo-lutea,  wholly  diverse  from  the  structur* 
above  described  of  the  present  .* 

20.  B.  russula,  Tuckerm.  Cr.  subcartilagineous.  'imose-areolate. 
and  granulate,  glaucescent  (often  greenish-sorediiferous)  ;  apoth.  ele^ 
vated  on  a  thalline  stratum  which  constitutes  a  thick,  mostly  entire  spu 
rious  margin,  becoming  convex,  and  excluding  the  obscure  proper  ma; 
gin,  fuscous-reddish.  Lecidea,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  10.  Lecanora,  Fee,  Cryjil 
Exot.  p.  116. 

Trunks  of  cedars  on  the  coast  of  New  England.  Pennsylvania 
Muhl.     Extending  to  the  tropics. 

21.  B.  rivulosa,  Fr.  Cr.  tartarcous,  mouse-colored  and  paler,  cov 
ering  a  fuscous-black  hypothallus,  which  often  decussates  the  crust 
apoth.  produced  from  the  crust,  from  pale-fuscous  becoming  blackisk 
whitish  within,  with  a  thin  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  271.  Lecida 
Ach.    Lecanora  faharia,  Ach. 

Rocks,  espf  cially  in  mountainous  districts;  New  England.  Penn 
sylvania,  Muia.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

22.  B.  exigua,  Chaub.  Cr.  of  minute,  confluent  granules,  smootli 
cartilagineous,  cinereous-greenish ;  decussated  by  lines  of  the  blao 
hypothallus;  apoth.  submarginate,  from  pale-yellowish  becoming  t'li; 
cous.  Fr.  Lichenogr,  p.  278.  Lecidea  varians,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  !i? 
Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c.  L.  versicolor,  Schwein.  in  Hals.  Lich.  A 
Y.  I.  c.  ? 

Smooth  bark  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Hahey  f  Pennsylvania 
MuhL 


23.  B.qui 

chroleucoui 

jiigtli  imma 

Trunks ; 

24.  B.  hi 

uescent  an 

ale  yellow, 

'jccidea,  Ac 

Stones  an 

25.  B.  au: 

klate,  lutesc 

rated  on  a  t 

Ipurious  ma 

largin.    Pa 

look.  Br.  1 

Trunks,  d 

Pennsylvani 

26.  B./«, 
iomewhat  g 
(owish,  at  lei 

look,  in  Ri 

Upon  moj 

jitate  of  B.  fe 

z,  of  Ach.  S 


Apothecia 
jxciple,  bec( 
5unctiform-i 
:arbonaceou 
somewhat  c 
the  fin 
)red.  Fr. 

SECT.  I.     T 

I.  L.  ram 

llcnmh  white 


:s 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


63 


1    hypoth,   pale: 
ivhich  constitute; 
s  margin  ;    dist 
eluding  itn  thic   1 
;oming  blackisk.  | 

New  Englanc 
lie  (when  som; 
ited  on  a  prot; 
becoming  plane 
lars,  leaving  th; 
nelia,  not  a  littt 
in  the  last-men 
om  the  strucluK 


■imose-areolate. 
us)  ;  apoth.  ele^ 
lostly  entire  spu^ 
ure  proper  ma; 
iora,  Fee,  Cryf 

Pennsylvania 

and  paler,  cov'  | 
sates  the  crust 
oming  blackisL  1 
,271.    Lecida 

Ingland.     Penn^ 

anules,  smoolli 
58  of  the  blacif 
1  becoming  fus" 
c/t.   Syn.  p.  3f 
Hals.  Lich.  i^ 

Pennsylvania 


23.  B.  quernea,  Fr.  Cr.  deliquescent,  granulose-farinose,  fuscescent- 
:liroleucous ;  hypoth.  black;  apoth.  immersed,  convex,  brown,  at 
jiigtli  immarginate.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  279.    Lecidea,  Ach. 

Trunks ;  New  England. 

24.  B.  lucida,  Fr.  Cr.  granulate,  greenish-yellow,  at  length  deli- 
luescent  and  ochroleucous  ;  hypoth,  white ;  apoth.  (minute),  convex, 
>ale  yellow,  often  excluding  the  paler  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  279. 
iCcidea,  Ach. 

Stones  and  decaying  wood.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

25.  B.  aurantiaca,  Fr.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  uneven,  somewhat  gran- 
ilate,  lutescent ;  innate  in  a  black  hypolhallus  ;  apoth.  somewhat  de- 
rated on  a  tlialline  stratum  which  constitutes  a  crenulate,  evanescent, 
purious  margin,  disk  dark-orange  (and  fuscescent),  with  a  thin  proper 

largin.    Parmelia,  Fr.f  Lichenogr.  p.  165.    Lecidea,  Ach.    Borr.in 

look.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  186.    Lecanora  salicina,  Ach. 

Trunks,  dead  wood,  and  rocks ;  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey. 
*ennsylvania,  Muhl.    Arctic  America,  Rich. 

26.  B.fusco-lulea,  Hook,  (sub  Lecid.).  Cr.  thin,  effuse,  smooth, 
bmewhat  granulose,  whitish ;  apoth.  somewhat  elevated,  plane,  yel- 
jowish,  at  length  rufous-fuscous,  pruinose,  with  a  thin  margin.    Lecidea, 

look,  in  Rich.  I.  c.    Lichen  fusco-luteus,  Dicks.    E.  Bat.  t.  1007. 

Upon  mosses ;  Arctic  America,  Rich.  Fries  suspects  this  to  be  a 
^tate  of  B.  ferruginea.  It  does  not  seem  to  be  the  Lecidea  fusco-lutca, 
X,  of  Ach.  Syn. 

XVI.     LECIDEA,  Ach.,  Fr. 

Apotliecia  margined  at  first  by  a  very  black,  carbonaceous,  proper 
bxciple,  becoming  scutelliform  or  hemispherical,  solid.  Disk  at  first 
puncliform-impressed,  always  open,  oftener  horny,  and  placed  upon  i 
parbonaceous  stratum.  Thallus  horizontal,  arising  from  a  hypothallus, 
^omewhat  crustaceous,  effigurate,  or  uniform.  Apothecia  very  black 
the  first,  the  margin  never,  and  the  disk  rarely,  otherwise  coK 
Dred.  Fr. 

Sect.  I.     Thallus  effigurate  at  the  circumference,  or  wholly  rugose- 
plicate. 

I.  L.  Candida,  Ach.  Crust  rugose-plicate,  candicant,  becoming  at 
^ength  white-farinose,  lobed  at  the  circumference  ;  hypothallus  black  ; 


64 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


apotliccia  appressed,  obtusely  marginate,  glaucous-pruinose,  white  with- 
in.     Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  285. 

On  the  earth  upon  mosses ;  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

2.  h.  vesicuJaris,  Ach.  Cr.  bullate-plicate,  somewhat  caulescent, 
from  greenish  becoming  glaucous,  radiculose  at  the  base ;  apoth.  free, 
peltate,  obtusely  marginate,  at  first  pruinose,  finally  convex,  naked ; 
white  within.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  286. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  districts;  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

3.  L.  Wahlenbergii,  Ach,  Cr.  suborbicular,  gyrose-plicatc,  round. 
lobed  at  the  circumference,  from  green  becoming  bright-yellow;  hy- 
poth.  black ;  '  apoth.  arising  between  the  areola),  obsoletely  marginate, 
naked,  black  within.'  Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  291.  Icon,  Laur.  in  Sturni's 
Fl.  t.  28. 

Moist  sides  and  crevices  of  rocks  in  alpine  districts.  On  the  Greai 
Haystack,  New  Flampshire,  infertile.    Arctic  America,  Rich. 

4.  h.  Jlavo-virescens,  Fr.  Cr.  determinate,  areolate-appressed,  pli- 
cate, lobulate  at  the  circumference,  from  greenish  becoming  yellow ; 
apoth.  adnate,  with  a  thin  margin,  becoming  at  length  convex,  and  ex- 
cluding the  margin,  black  within.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  291.  L.  scabrosa, 
Ach.  Melh. 

On  the  earth  in  mountainous  districts,  often  in  company  with  Biatora 
Byssoides  ;  White  Mountains.  According  to  Borrer  (in  Hook.  Br.  Fl, 
2,  p.  178),  L.  citrinella,  Ach.,  is  the  true  Lichen  flavo-virescens  of 
Dickson,  and  the  present  species  should  bear  the  name  given  it  by 
Acharius.     Compare  Fries,  1.  c. 

Sect.  II.    Thallus  efiusc,  uniform. 

Subsect.  I.     AeeolatjE,  Fr.     Crust  innate,  originally  arcolato  or  be- 
coming so.    Hypothallus  black. 

*    S  axic  ol  CE. 

5.  L.  idho-cctrtilesceiis,  Fr.  Cr.  at  first  contiguous,  from  bluish  be- 
coming whitish ;  apoth.  produced  from  the  crust,  margin  u^  the  annu- 
lar cxciplo  thin,  disk  waxy,  black,  cerulescent-pruinose,  white  within. 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  295.  L.  pndnosa,  Ach.  Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c 
—  .3.  immersa,  Fr.  ;  cr.  very  thin,  whitish,  disappearing  ;  apoth.  small, 
oftener  immersed  in  the  rock.    Fr.  I.  c.    L.  immersa,  Ach. 

Rocks  and  stones,  especially  granite  and  mica-slate  ;  New  England. 


7.  L.  varie 
bomcwhat  fim 
liiced  from  tl 
)ruinose,  blac 
jilated,  with  £ 

in.    Fr.  Lie 
Maritime  g 

8.  L.  lapic. 
iious  bccomin 

cortical  layer, 
iith  an  even, 
larjTJn  disapj: 
3.  30G. 

Rocks  and 
sew  York,  E 

9-  L.  niro-i 
Jiscrcte,  verri 
iuced  from  th 
from  the  nak 

.'ilO. 

Hocks  and 
riie  crust  var 

10.  L.  pan 

kario<^alcd  wii 
liullus ;  cxcip 

';u)c,  very  b 
(14, —  /J.  oh 

^nous,  fuscc 
P'urlarm.  Lie 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


66 


se,  white  with- 


it  caulescent, 
;  apotli.  free, 
nvex,  naked; 


•licate,  round- J 
it-yellow;  hy- 
ily  marginate, 
ur.  in  Slurmh 

On  the  Great 
Rick. 

ppressed,  pli- 
ning  yellow;]! 
nvex,  and  ex- 
it. scabrosaM 

1 

/  with  Biatora  f 
Hook.  Br.  Fl.i 
)-virescens  of^ 
3  given  it  by- 


colato  or  bc- 


im  bluish  be-| 
of  the  annu- 
white  within. 

h.  N.  E.  I  c. 
apoth.  small. 

'h. 

few  England. 


ew  York,  Halsey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl  —  ^,  limestone  ;  New  York, 
^orrey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

6.  L.  contigua,  Fr.  Cr.  at  first  contiguous,  glaucous-white ;  apoth. 
roducod  from  the  crust ;  disk  thick,  horny,  very  black,  at  first  glaucous- 
ruinose,  with  a  thick,  discrete,  plano-cupular,  obtusely  marginate,  car- 
lonaceous  exciple.     Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  298. 

Rocks  and  stones  (granite),  and  often  tinged  ochraceous  by  the  oxide 
f  iron,  in  the  mountains  of  New  England. 

7.  L.  variegata,  Fr.  Cr.  at  length  areolate,  glaucescent ;  the  black, 
lomewhat  fimbriate  hypothallus  here  and  there  prominent;  apoth.  pro- 
"need  from  the  crust,  depressed,  at  first  and  often  persistently  glaucous- 

ruinose,  black  within ;  disk  from  urceolate  becoming  expianatc,  and 
ilated,  with  a  persistent,  at  first  thin,  coarctate,  at  length  obtusish  mar- 

n.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  303. 

Maritime  granite  rocks  ;  Arctic  America,  Fries. 

8.  L.  Japicida,  Ach.  Cr.  at  length  areolate-verrucose,  from  glau- 
lous  becoming  cinereous-white  ;  apoth.  superficial,  produced  from  the 
:ortical  layer,  sessile,  not  pruinose,  horny  and  cinerascent-black  within, 

ith  an  even,  naked  disk,  and  a  thin,  at  length  fiexuous  margin  (or,  the 
argin  disappearing,  finally  confiuent  and  irregular).  Fr.  Lichenogr. 
aOG. 

Rocks  and  stones  (granite),  in  mountainous  districts  ;  New  England. 
Sew  York,  Haheij.      Pennsylvania,  Muhl.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

9.  L.  otro-alha,  Ach.    Cr.  somewhat  areolate  (the  areola)  commonly 

iscrete,  verruciform),  opake,  fuscous,  and  grayish-white ;  apoth.  pro- 

luced  from  the  hypothallus,  (small,)  the  obtuse  margin  scarcely  discrete 

Vom  the  naked,  at  length  somewhat  umbonate  disk.    Fr.  Lichenogr. 

.  .'ilO. 

Rocks  and  stones  (granite) ;  New  England.     New  York,  Halsey. 
le  crust  variable,  and  often  nearly  obsolete. 

10.  L.  panceola,  Ach.,  Fr.  Areola;  of  the  crust  verrucose,  gray, 
anotratcd  \»  ith  rufcscent  tubercles ;  apoth.  produced  from  the  hypo- 
liiillus;  exciple  cupular,  with  a  persistent,  obtuse  margin ;  disk  always 

Hie,  very  black,  cassious-pruinose,  white  within.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p. 
S.  ohscurnfn,  Fr,  ;  areola?  thinner,  upplanatc,  somuwhut  con- 
Jiguous,  fuscescent.     Fr.  I.  c.    L.  obscurata,  Schar.  !  Spicil.  p.  lyO. 
iTurlarm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

0  c> 


]\i. 


66 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


Rocks  and  stones  in  mountainous  districts  ;  White  Mountains. 

11.  L.fusco-atra,  Fr.  Areoloe  of  the  crust  cartilagineous,  applana;( 
olivaceous-fuscescent  and  fuscous,  angulate,  smooth  and  somewhat  po! 
ished  (or  becoming  dull  and  pallescent) ;  apoth.  produced  from  tk; 
hypothallus,  appressed  ;  disk  plane,  at  first  cinereous-pruinose,  at  leng';: 
naked,  with  a  thin,  somewhat  acute,  at  length  fle.xuous  margin  ;  but  tb 
margin  disappearing  with  age,  and  the  apothecia  often  finally  heape: 
and  conglomerate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  316.  L.fimosa,  Ach.  L.  ath.. 
carpa,  Ach. 

Rocks  and  stones  in  mountainous  districts.  New  Entrland.  Ne, 
York,  Halsey.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

12.  L.  conjluens,  Scha^r.     Cr.  rimose-areolate,  opake,  cinerascen: 
smoke-colored  ;  apoth.  produced  from  the  crust,  appressed,  somewk 
contiguous  (often  confluent) ;  margin  not  elevated,  obtusish ;  disk  a! 
ways  naked,  very  black,  within  cinerascent.    Schccr.f  Spicil  p.  141 " 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  318. 

Rocks  and  stones  in  mountainous  and  alpine  districts  ;  New  Ert 
land.     New  York,  Hahey.     Arctic  America,  Rich.,  Hook. 

13.  L.  Morio,  Schacr.  Areolfc  of  the  crust  verrucose,  shining,  of; 
yellowish-coppcr-color,  radiant  at  the  circumference  ;  apoth.  produce; 
from  the  thick,  determinate,  black  hypothallus,  minute,  depressec 
plane,  becoming  gyrose-plicate  with  age  ;  margin  thin  ;  disk  alwav^ 
naked,  black  within.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  319.  Schcer.  Spicil  p.  133.- 
/?.  coracina,  Schicr. ;  crust  (from  the  predominance  of  the  hypotha: 
lus)  cinerascent-black.     Schcer. !  I.  c.    Fr.  I.  c. 

Rocks  in  alpine  and  subalpine  districts ;  White  Mountains. 

14.  L.  g;ographica,  Schajr.  Cr.  of  somewhat  confluent,  bright-ye: 
low  areolie  ;  apoth.  produced  from  the  hypothallus,  blackish  witliiu 
margin  of  the  cupular  e.xciple  thin  ;  disk  naked.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  S% 
Scha:r..'  Spicil  p.  124.  — «.  atro-virens, Schwr.;  areola?  verruca^foriii 
scattered  in  the  hypothallus;  apoth.  immi.xed.  Fr.  I  c.  Schcer.  I  c- 
(3.  contigm,  Schajr. ;  areolrc  applanate,  confluent  in  a  somewhat  conligi; 
ous,chinky  crust ;  apoth.  immersed.  Fr.  I  c.  Schcer.  I  c.  —  y.  alpicoh 
Schopr. ;  arcoliB  applanate, coalescent  and  large, somewhat  ruo'ose,  i:!tc: 
ruptedly  covering  the  hypothallus;  apoth.  innate.   Fr.  I  c.   Schtcr.l.c 

Rucks  and  stones  (granite  and  mica-slate),  in  alpine  and  subalpiiit 
districts,  and  at  lower  elevations,  in  the  mountains  of  New  Englanc 
Newfoundland,  Pylaie.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 


15.  L.  pre 

aeprous,  oblit 

nth  an  obtu 

)ruinose,  wh 

\a,  DC.  Fl 

Trunks  an 

16.  L.  pai 

ftt  length  vei 
lus ;  apoth.  s 
horny,  naked 

).  Lich.  n.  i 
Trunks,  at 

Jahcy.  Pel 
mon  and  wid 
Rvitliout  any  c 
Hook.  Br.  Fi 

17.  L.  enti 
quoscing  anc 
apoth.  adnate 
kva.xy  (often  1 
3;}1.— /5.  o/i 
and  rugose,  r 

Trunks;  P 

Subsect.  II. 

18.  L.  san 
glaucescent ; 
V(;\  ;  cxciple 
rhcnogr.  p.  J 

Trunks,  d( 
districts  ;  Nc 

19.  L.  albi 
[often  somewl 

Jinnatc-protub 
;oal-black  wi 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


67 


fountains. 

eous,  applanatf,'^ 
i  somewhat  pc 
duced  from  ib 
uinose,  at  leng',: 
margin ;  but  tL- 
1  finally  heape. 
Ach.   L.  athn- 


**    Cortical 


(B. 


England. 


Nev 


15.  L.  premnea,  Ach.     Cr.  glaucescent,  softish,  deliquescing   and 
jeprous,  obliterating  the  hypothallus  ;  apoth.  elevated  ;  exciple  cupular, 

nth  an  obtuse  margin;  disk  horny,  very  opake,  and  ohsoletely  black- 
)ruinose,  white  within.    Fr.  !  Lickenogr.  p.  329.    Patellaria  leucopla' 
\a,  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  2,  p.  347  (e  Fr.). 
Trunks  and  rails  ;  New  England.     New  York,  Hdlsey. 

16.  L.  parasema,  Fr.  Cr.  somewhat  leprous,  glaucescent,  becoming 
t  length  verrucose-areolule,  somewliat  limited  by  the  black  hypothal- 
us ;  apoth.  sessile,  opake ;  e.xciple  cupular,  with  a  thin  margin ;  disk 
orny,  naked, very  black.  Fr.  Lichenogr. p.  330.  L.  punch  'a,Floerk.f 

.  Lich.  n.  81.    Schar.  !  Heh.  n.  197-199. 

Trunks,  and  degencrant  on  dead  wood  ;  New  England.  Now  York, 
'alsey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Arctic  America,  R''ch.  A  most  com- 
on  and  widely  diffused  species,  but  all  black  apotliccia  with  a  thin  or 

ivithout  any  crust  are  not  to  be  referred  to  it.    Fr.     Comparr  Borr.  in 

look.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  176. 

17.  L.  enleroleuca,  Fr.  Cr.  at  first  contiguous,  glaucescent,  deli- 
36,  shining,  of;  j  ^uoscing  and  leprous,  somewhat  limited  by  the  black  hypothallus ; 
jpoth.  product:  "  ipoth.  adnate  ;  exciple  annular,  with  a  thin  margin;  di^  ,.  somewhat 
ute,  depressec  na.xy  (often  hyaline  or  cerulescent),  whitish  within.  Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p. 
i;  disk  alwa\'  J  331. — ^.  oUvacea,Fr.;  cr.  yellowish-virescent ;  apoth.  often  irregular 

and  rugose,  ajrugineous-black.    Fr.  I.  c.    L.  el(Bochroma,  Ach.  Sijn. 
Trunks;  New  England.     New  York,  i/aZse^/.     Pennsylvania,  7Um/jZ. 


ce,  cmerascen: 

ssed,  somewk 

tusish  ;  disk  a 

Spicil.  p.  141 

:ts  ;  New  Eiij 


picil.  p.  133.- 
f  the  hypotha 


1  tarns. 

lent,  bright-ye 

lackish  within 

chenogr.  p.  ',i% 

e  verrucfcfora 

Schctr.  I.  c- 

lewhat  conligi: 

•  — ;'.  aJpicok 

It  rugose,  inter 

c.   Schcer.  I,  i 

and  stibalpinf 

Nfiv  Englanc 

,  Rich. 


ubsect.  II.    GiiANULosiE,  Fr.     Crust  at  length   becoming  somewhat 
granulose.     Hypothallus  white. 

18.  L.  sangidnaria,  Ach.  Granules  confluent  in  a  tartareous  crust, 
glaucescent ;  hypoth.  while ;  apoth.  superficial,  naked,  at  length  con- 
vex ;  exciple  annular;  disk  placed  upon  a  blood-red  stratum.  Fr.  Li- 
chenogr.  p.  335. 

Trunks,  decaying  wood,  and  stones,  in  mountainous  and  subalpine 
districts  ;  New  England.     New  York,  Halsey. 

19.  L.  albo-atra,  Schcer.  Cr.  areolate-verrucose,  glaucous-white, 
'often  somewhat  tartareous  and  mealy;  hypoth.  white;  apoth.  (small) 
innate-protuberant,  at  first  coronate  with  the  crust,  ciesious-pruinosc, 

oal-black  within,  with  a  thin,  evanescent  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p. 


-i- 


68 


LICHENES    OF    THK    NOKTHERN    STATES 


336.    Schccr.  Spicil  p.  140;    Borr.  in  Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  180.    L 
corticola,  Ach.  Si/n. 

Trunks  on  the  coast  of  New  England.    New  York,  Ha/sc?/.     Pcnn-I 
sylvania,  Muld. 

20.  L.  dolosa,  Wahl.  Cr.  somewhat  verrucose,  greenish-glaucous, 
oftener  leprous  and  white;  apoth.  (minute)  depressed;  exciple  cupulnr, 
with  a  very  thin  margin  ;  disk  very  black,  nearly  naked,  often  punc' 
tate-scabrous,  cinereous-blackish  within.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  337.  I 
pinicola,  Sommerf.  Siippl.  Fl.  Lapp.  p.  153.  L.  pinicola,  Borr.  k^ 
Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  176  ?     Tuckcrm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

Scaly  bark  of  old  pines ;  New  England. 

21.  L.  melanchdtna,  Tuckerm.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  areolate-verrU' 
cose,  becoming  somewhat  lobulate,  glaucous-white,  confused  with  tlie 
hypolhallus;  apoth.  appressed,  somewhat  plane,  disk  equalling  the  very 
thin  margin,  at  length  convex,  scarcely  excluding  the  margin,  very 
black,  polished,  and  shining. 

Trunks ;  and  very  common  on  rails  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts 
(Ipswich,  Mr.  Oakes,  Lynn,  Hingham,  &c.),  and  occurring  on  dead 
wood  at  the  White  Mountains.  Disk  sometimes  a  little  pallescent,  bu; 
the  margin  always  very  black. 

22.  L.  sabulelormn,  Fr.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  at  first  contiguous,  be^ 
coming  rimose-areolate,  granulate  and  somewhat  lobulate,  cinerascent 
or  fuscous,  confused  with  the  hypothallus  ;  apoth.  produced  from  the 
crust,  horny  ;  exciple  annular,  with  an  evanescent  margin ;  disk  naked, 
often  fuscescent.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  339.  Lichen  s.  Lecidea  muscoruni 
And.  quorund. 

On  the  earth,  decaying  wood  and  mosses,  stones,  and  trees,  asceni 
ing  to  alpine  districts  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsyl- 
vania, Muhl.    Arctic  America,  Rich, 

23.  L.  arc^icfl,  Sommerf.  Granules  of  the  crust  cartilagineous,  ai 
first  discrete,  papillsjeform,  persistent,  fuscescent-cinereous  ;  apoth.  ini- 
mixed,  somewhat  immarginate,  cnsious-pruinose,  horny  and  cinerascent 
within.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  342      Soinmcrf.  Suppl.  Fl.  Lapp.  p.  156. 

Upon  mosses  in  alpine  districts ;  White  Mountains. 

24.  L.  miUiaria,  Fr.  Cxranulrs  of  the  crust  at  first  discrete,  fuscous, 
and  cinereous-white,  often  deliquescent  and  leprous :  apoth.  produced 
among  the  granules,  globose,  somewhat  immarginate,  naked  ;  e.xciple 


:u|(ular;  disl 

Achenngr.  p 

aria,  Fr. !    1 

1^  Borr.  in  1 

Uti  old  rail 


Apothecia 
ed  into  a  carl 
t'arious  form. 
cute,  with  an 
^iaccous,  som^ 
This  most 
iveii  it  in  tl 
jf  Fries's  sui 
Ithat  I  have  be 
lud  make  it  i: 


^0  me  as  ana 

considered  to 

[inations  to  Pa 

re|)resentative 

itiaceous)  type 

^niake  to  the  c 

|Scct.  I.    Pati 

I     1.  IJ.  mami 

ismootn,  irregi 

|cciit ;  on  the 

lapothecia  ele\ 

[becoming  at  1 

/a,  Ach. 

Rocks.    Pe 

I  distinct  from  1 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


69 


2,  p.  180.    L 

falsey.     Pcnn-  ' 

nish-glaucous, 
cciple  ciipular,; 
d,  often  punc'j 
r.  p.  337.    i, 
:ola,  Borr.  m 


ireolate-verru-fi 

'used  with  tlieJ 

ailing  thevery€ 

margin,  very; 

Massachusetts! 
•ring  on  deadH 
pallesccnt,  but| 

Dntiguous,  be-J 
e,  cinerascent; 
iced  from  the 
I ;  disk  naked, 
lea  muscoruin,i^ 

trees,  ascend- :| 
ey.     Pcnnsyl 

tilagineous,  at 
IS ;  apoth.  ini- 
id  cinerasceiit 
ipp.  p.  156. 

jrete,  fuscous, 
oth.  produced 
ikcd  ;  exciple 


cupular;  disk  at  length  rugulose  and  tuberculate,  blackish  within.  Fr. 
'jichenngr.  p.  342.  —  «.  Icrreslris^  Fr.  —  /5.  saxatilis,  Fr.  —  y.  ligni- 
aria,  Fr. !    Lichen  dubius,  E.  Bot.  I.  2347  (e  Fr.).     L.  duhia.  Turn. 

Borr.  in  Hook.  Br.  Ft.  2, ;;.  176.     Tuckerm.  Lick.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

On  old  rails  (/),  common  ;  New  England, 


Tribe  III.     GRAPHIDACEiE,    Fr. 

XVII.   UMBILICARIA,  HofTm. 

Apothecia  superficial ;  an  originally  closed  thalline  exciplo  convert- 
ed into  a  carbonaceous  proper  exciple,  becoming  more  or  less  open,  of 
various  form.  Disk  horny,  ascigorous,  at  length  chinky,  or  gyrose-pli- 
cate,  with  an  incurved  margin.  Thallus  horizontal,  cartilagineous,  fo- 
liaceous,  somewhat  monophyllous,  affixed  by  a  central  point. 

This  most  natural  genus  can,  perhaps,  still  be  retained  in  the  place 
Tiveii  it  in  the  Lichenographia  Eiiropcea,  though  I  have,  in  pursuance 
jf  Fries's  suggestion  (1.  c.  p.  347),  confirmed  by  all  the  observations 
khat  I  have  been  able  to  make,  preferred  to  alter  the  generic  character, 
md  make  it  indicate  more  fully  the  relations  of  the  group.  It  appears 
io  me  as  analogous  to  Biatora  as  to  Sticta  ;  and  as  the  former  genus  is 
considered  to  indicate  a  Lecideaceous  type,  irrespective  of  its  approxi- 
hnations  to  Parmelia,  so  Umbilicaria  may  perhaps  be  taken  as  typically 
representative  of  a  peculiar  (perhaps  properly  lirellajform,  or  Graphi- 
daceous)  type,  irrespective  of  the  approach  which  some  of  the  species 
imake  to  the  characters  of  Parmeliaceo3. 

ISect.  I.    Patellat^.    Apothecia  orbiculate-patellajform  ;  disk  at  length 
chinky,  plicate,  or  proliferous-papillate. 

1.  IJ.  mamviulatay  Ach.  (sub  Gyroph.).     Thallus   membranaceous, 

fsmooth,  irregularly  round-lobed  and  somewhat  crenate,  fuscous-nigres- 

|cent ;  on  the  under  side  very  black,  papillose-granulate,  and  fibrillose  ; 

iapothecia  elevated,  orbiculate;  margin  rather  thick;  disk  plane,  chinky, 

jbecoming  at  length  convex,  and  proliferous-papillate.   Gyrophora  mam- 

■fiulata,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  (57.     G.  mamillata,  MiihL  Calal.  p.  105. 

Rocks.    Pennsylvania,  Muhl.    (North  Carolina,  Mr.  Curtis  !)    Very 
Klisiinct  from  the  next. 


70 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


2.  U.  PentisyJi'anica,  IloHm.  Th.  coriaceous-mcmbranaccous,  pap. 
ulose,  dark-fuscous  ;  on  the  under  side  papillose-granulate  and  nij^rcs 
cent ;  apoth.  elevated,  orbiculate  ;  margin  rather  thin  ;  disk  plane,  bu: 
becoming  at  length  convex,  dnnky,  ar.i  plicate.  Ilqfn.  PI.  Licli.l]. 
p.  5,  4-  /.  09,  /.  1,2.  Led 'tea,  Ach.  Mcth.  p.  86.  Gyrophora,  Ad 
Lichcnogr.  p.  227.  Ach.  Sij7i.  p.  67.  Hook,  in  Rich.  App.  Frankl 
Nnrr.  p.  759.     U.  puslulata,  Michx.  !  Fl.  2,  p.  322,  non  Hoffm. 

Rocks.  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  New  York,  Haht)j. 
New  England,  common,  and  fertile.     Canada,  Micham  ! 

•^  3.  U.  pusluluia,  HofTm.  Th.  coriaceous,  papulose,  cincrascont;  or, 
the  under  side  smooth,  and  reticulate-lacunose  ;  apoth.  appresscd,  op 
biculate-patell.Tform,  somewhat  simple  ;  margin  obtuse.  Fr.  Lichetingr. 
p.  351.  Hook.!  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  219.  Gyrophora,  Ach.—  p.  papuhm. 
Tuckerm. ;  apoth.  at  length  subpcdicellate,  irregularly  proliferous-pap. 
illate,  excluding  the  margin.  Gyrophora  pajmlosa,  Ach.  Lich.  Ciih 
pr2'26.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  67.  U.  Iccvis,  Pers.  {ex  Ach.).  Gyroph.  hilk 
ta,  WUld.  herb.  ! 

Rocks.  «,  New  York,  Halsey.—p,  Nova  Scotia, '  used  for  dycin; 
reds  and  browns';  Gov.  Wentworth,  1795,  Herl.  Smith!  New- 
foundland, Bory  in  herb.  Kunth  !  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania, 
Muhl.  !  New  England,  common  and  fertile,  and  ascending  to  alpine 
districts,  where  it  is  often  smaller,  thicker,  and  glaucous-pruinosc.  i 
does  not  seem  to  afford  any  constant  characters  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  European  Lichen  but  tlic  luxuriant  development  of  the  apothccia, 
In  the  var.  papillata,  Ilampo !  a  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Lichen,  the  apo- 
thecia  are  papillate,  and  perhaps  also  by  a  proliferous  growth  of  the 
patelheform  apothecium  ;  but  this  variety,  though  in  other  respects  re^ 
scmbling  ours,  is  distinct  from  it.  The  small,  fruticulose  tufts  almo<: 
characterizing  this  species  in  Europe,  which  I  have  also  observed  ir, 
the  Swedish  U.  vellea,  are  generally  wanting  in  the  American  plain, 
which  is  almost  always  normal  and  fertile. 

4.  U.  anthracina  (Schcer.),  Fr.  Th.  coriaceous,  not  papulose,  black: 
on  the  under  side  smooth  and  black-pruinose  ;  apoth.  elevated,  orbicu- 
late-patelloDform,  simple  ;  margin  tumid,  disk  somewhat  plane  and  even, 
Fr.  Summ.  Fl.  Scand.  U.atro-pruinosa,  Schcer.  in  Ser.  Mus.  {cit.Fr.). 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  351.  Lecidea,  Sch(sr. !  Spicil  1,  p.  104.  /,?>.';;: 
aiilhracitms,  Wiilf.  —  «  ;  th.  smooth  and  even  above.  Schcer.  I.  c.  Fr. 
I.  c. — /?.  lesscllala,  Schser. ;  th.  above  finely  rimose-areolate  or  puiic- 


t;itc-verrucos( 
-.  reliculula, 
I.e. 

Rocks  in  i 
— y,  Bear  Li 
Hec.  and  Thi: 

'}.  U.  poJyj 
corrugated,  fi 
'apoth.  sessiU 
vo.\,  and  con 
Hook.!  Br. 
j}.  deusta,  Fr. 
and  paler  on 
Giirophora,  1 

Rucks  on 
tains,  infertile 
\lhrh.  Banks 

G.  U.  proh( 

I  rugose,  olivac 

apoth,  somew 

[convex,  very 

:irgin.    Fr. 

[2,  ;>.  219.— 

;  gose  ;  obsolet 

I  /.  c.  p.  758,  < 

rugose  ;  glabi 

Alpine  and 

I  Hold  in  the  G 

I  lUch. 

I 

I     7.  U.  cylin 

I  smoothish,  liv 

.|  mose,  black  fi 

alcucous;  apot 

I  length  hemisj 

I  Gyrophora  ci 

I  Tl  prohoscide 

j     Alpine  roc 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


n 


anaccous,  pap. 
Ue  and  nigrcs. 
lisk  plane,  bwl 
1.  PL  Lick.  3j 
rophora,  Acid 

App.  Frankl: 

Hoffm. 
^ork,   Haheu 

ncrasccnt ; 
appressed,  or 
^r.  Lichenngr. 
-  /?.  papiihm. 
roliferous-pap. 
'i.  Lich.  Ciik. 
jijroph,  htilla- 

ed  for  dyciii; 
tilh  !  New- 
Pennsylvania, 
ling  to  alpiiif 
i-pruinosc.  i 
guish  it  from 
tlic  apothccia. 
;hen,  the  apo- 
growth  of  the 
r  respects  re- 
3  tufts  almo?; 
o  observed  ir, 
tierican  plain 

pulose,  black: 
vated,  orbicu' 
ane  and  even. 
^.iis.  {cit.Fr.]. 
104,  TAclm 
hear.  I.  c.  Fr. 
ilate  or  puiic- 


itatc-verrucosc,  rugose  at  the  central   point.    Schcer.  I  c.    Fr.  7.  c. 

\y.  reliculula,  Scha;r.  ;  th.  reticulate-rugose  above.     Schar.  I.  c.    Fr. 
\l.c. 

Rocks  in  alpine  district:^.     «,  Newfoundland,  Bory  in  herb.  Willd.  ! 

\—y,  Bear  Lake,  and  el  ewhere  in  Arctic  America,  Hook.!  (Parry's 

Sec.  and  Third  Voy.). 

5.  U.  pohjphjlla,  IIofTin.  Th.  coriaceous-cartilagineous,  smooth, 
corrugated,  fuscous-black  ;  on  the  under  side  very  black  and  glabrous  ; 
apoth.  sessile,  at  first  patellajform,  marginatc,  becoming  at  length  con- 
vex, and  concentrically  plicate.'  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  352.  Gyrophora, 
Hook.!  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  217.  Licheii,  L.  Gyropliora  glabra,  Ac/i. — 
jS.  deusta,  Fr.;  th.  thinner,  furfuraceous-flocculoso ;  somewhat  lacunose 
and  paler  on  the  under  side.  Fr.  L  c.  Umhilicaria  deusla,  Hoffm. 
Gyropliora,  Acli.    Lichen.,  L. 

Rucks  on  mountains;  «,  alpine;  —  (i,  dcsceniiing.  White  Moun- 
tains, infertile.  Northward  to  Newfoundland,  Pylaie,  and  Greenland, 
Ikrh.  Banks  ! 

G.  U.  proboscidca,  DC,  Stenh.  Th.  submembranaceous,  reticulate- 
rugose,  olivaceous-fuligineous ;  on  the  under  side  pale  and  fibrillose  ; 
apoth.  somewhat  elevated,  orbiculate-patellffiform,  becoming  at  length 
convex,  very  gyrose,  or  proliferous-papillate,  somewhat  excluding  the 
margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  354.  Gyrophora,  Ach.  Hook. !  Br.  FL 
2, />.  219.  —  /5.  iornata,  Ach.;  th.  indurated,  complicated,  plicate-ru- 
gose ;  obsoletely  fibrillose  beneath.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  65.  Hook,  in  Rich. 
I  c.  p.  758,  &  Icon,  t.  30,  /.  4.  —  ;'.  arctica,  Ach. ;  th.  incrassated, 
rugose  ;  glabrous  beneath.    Ach.  I.  c.    Fr.  L  c. 

Alpine  and  subalplne  rocks.  White  Mountains  ;  and  Chin  of  Mans- 
field  in  the  Green  Mountains,  fertile.  Northward  to  Arctic  America, 
Rich. 

7.  U.  cylindrica,  Ach.  (sub  Gyroph.).      Th.  subcoriaceous,  rigid, 
smoothish,  livid,  cinereous-pruinose,  ciliated  with  elongated,  rigid,  ra- 
mose, black  fibres  (or  naked) ;  on  the  underside  somewhat  pale-ochro- 
leucouR ;  apoth.  pedicellate,  orbiculate-patellscform,  plane,  becoming  at 
I  length  hemispherical,  gyrose-plicate,  scarcely  excluding  the  margin. 
1  Gyrophora  cylindrica,  Ach.    Hook.!  Br.  FL  2,  p.  218.    Lichen° L. 
»  U.  proboscidca,  /5,  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  356. 

Alpine  rocks.     A  single  specimen  from  Bear  Lake,  Herb.  Hook.  ! 


72 


MCIIENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    '  fATES 


is  perhaps  referable  to  this  species,  which  has  escaped  notice,  but  prob- 
ably occurs  within  our  limits. 

N.  U.  hirsula,  Ach.  (sub  Gyroph.).     Th.  coriaceous,  softish,  pulverJ 
ulent,  cinerascent  and  white  ;  on  the  under  side  from  pale-fuscous  beJ 
coming  blackish,  very  hirsute  with  large,  softish,  at  first  pale,  brancheJ 
fibres  (at  length  subfibrillose-scabrous  and  black) ;  apoth.  marginal,  api 
pressed,  becoming  patelljTiform,  and  at  length  convex,  and  subglobose, 
gyrose-plicate,  with  a  thin  margin.     Gyrophora  hirsufa,  Ach,  !  Syn.  f\ 
(51).     U.  vellea,  y.  Ursula,  Fr.  Lichcnogr.  p.  358. —  j3.  depressa ;  th.  a: 
length  rigid  ;  apolh.  somewhat  impressed,  plane,  with  a  thick  margin, 
U.  vellea,  (3.  depressa,  Fr.  I.  c.     V.  depressa,  ^.  spadochroa,  Schar.'i 
Tuekerm.  Lick.  N.  E.  I  c.  {suh  Gyroph.  spadochroa). 

liocks.  Common  in  mountaincns,  and  ascending  to  alpine  districls] 
New  England,  fertile.  Northward  to  Arctic  America,  R.  Br.  Thel 
New  England  Lichen  does  not  appear  to  diller  from  those  of  Sweden 
and  Switzerland,  unless,  perhaps,  in  attaining  to  a  larger  size,  and,] 
the  foreign  ones,  is  near  the  U.  vellea  of  Sweden,  which  differs  in  itsl 
tumid-marginate,  pajjillate  apothccia.  Of  the  last  species  1  have  noil 
seen  American  specimens,  unless,  with  Schrerer,  and  in  occordance| 
also  with  the  earlier  view  of  Fries,  we  consider  the  ■  i-sent  species 
a  variety  of  it. 

9.  U.  Dillcnii,  Tuekerm.  Th.  coriaceous,  rather  rigid,  smooth,  from 
glaucous-fuscescent  becoming  dark-fuscous ;  on  the  under  sicie  black, 
and  closely  hirsute  with  short,  black,  crowded  fibres  (or  lacerate,  and 
papillose-scabrous) ;  apoth.  convex,  at  first  orbiculate  and  concentri-l 
cally  plicate,  becoming  at  length  lirellate,  with  a  thin  (canaliculate) 
margin.  Lichenoides  coriaccum  Jalissimo  folio,  c^c,  Dill.  Muse.  p\ 
545,  ^-  t.  82,  /.  5.     U.  vellea,  Michx. !  Fl.  2,  p.  323,  ^  And.  Amer. 

Rocks.  Paiqualian  Mountain,  New  Jersey,  /.  Bartram  (Dill.),! 
Canada,  Michaux  !  Nowfoimdlam],  Herb.  3Ionlagne  !  Pennsylvania!! 
Muhl.  New  York,  Torrey.  Very  common  in  New  England,  and  fer.| 
tile.  The  apothccia  are  often  abortive  (very  small,  and  forming  some- 
times a  continuous  black  crust) ;  but  in  a  single  specimen  from  the! 
AVhite  Mountains  they  are  perfect,  and  agree  with  the  minute  descrip-l 
tion  in  Micliaux,  whose  Lichen  was  certainly  the  same  with  that  of 
Dillenius.  The  species  is  widely  ditRised  in  North  America,  and  pre-' 
serves  its  peculiar  features  from  Newfoundland  to  the  Allcghanies 
Pennsylvania  ;  contrasting  in  this  respect  with  the  more  limited  a 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


73 


lorthern  U,  hirsuta.  It  was  considered  certainly  distinct,  in  1841,  by 
|loiitagne.    Linnteus  cites  the  figure  of  Dillenius  under  his  Lichen  vel- 

[US,  and  his  description  includes  also  U.  hirsuta,  the  difFer.uct .-  n  the 
Ipotliecia  being  disregarded  ;  but  the  specimen  that  T  r.^v,  in  t!  e  Lin- 
Lan  herbarium  wa?  the  L.  vellea  of  Sweden,  which  •  hiwr,  collected 
|bLiiKlantly  in  that  country,  and  which  seems  to  me  v  .,   (1,8'    ct  from 

he  present. 

lect.  II.  LiRELLAT.E.  Apothecia  somewhat  lirellseforju,  becoming  at 
length  angulate-patellate,  or  finally  crowded  together  in  a  hemispher- 
ical, subimmarginate,  lireilate  tubercle. 

10.  U.  hyperborea,  HofTm.     Th.  coriaceous-membranaceous,  papu- 

Dsc-rugose,  dark-olivaceous-fuscous,  and  blackish  ;  on  the  under  side 

kcunose,  smooth,  and  fuscous-nigrescent ;  apoth.  appressed,  originally 

Dinewhat  lirellceform,  at  length  angular,  substellate-multiform,  plicate 

jnd  papillate,  with  an  apparent  margin.     Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  353.     Gy- 

\ophora,  Ach.    Floerk.  !  Berl.  Mag.  cit.  Fr. 

Alpine  and  subalpine  rocks  (and  perhaps  a  flocculose  state,  /?.  deus- 

I,  Enum.  Lich.  N.  Amcr.,  descending),  White   Mountains  ;   Chin  of 

lliuisfield  and  other  of  the  Green  Mountains,  fertile.     Arctic  America, 

ikh.     Rocky  Mountains,  Herb.  Hook.  !     In  separating  this  section  of 

he  genus  from  the  other,  I  have  endeavoured  to  indicate  the  features 

If  difference  that  seem,  at  the  first  view,  to  distinguish  the  lireilate 

jom  tiic  patellate  apothecia ;  but  I  am  uncertain  how  flir  the  proposed 

jliaracters  are  constant.     The  ternary  division,  in>;idema!ly  proposed 

jy  Fries  (Lichenogr.  p.  349),  suggested  the  present ;  but  my  present 

jquaintance  with  the  species  has  not  enabled  me  to  adopt  the  former 

fitire. 

11.  U.  erosa,  Hoffin.  Th.  cartilagineous,  rigid,  cribrose-reticulate, 
length  rugulose,  dark-fuscous-nigresccnt ;  on  the  under  side  papil- 

pe-granulate,  subfibrillose-lacerat°  in  somewhat  anastomosing  ridges, 

lark-fuscous  and  cinerascent ;  apoth.  originally  somewhat  lirellfeform, 
length  patellate,  becoming  -  nvex  and  gyrose-plicate,  and  finally 

pbstollate-multiform,and  immarginate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  354.  Schar.  ! 

\incil.  p.  93. 

Alpine  rockb.  White  Mountains,  fertile.  Newfoundland,  Pylaie. 
Northward  to  Arctic  America,  JR.  Br.,  Hook.  Northwest  Coast,  Men- 
m ! 

10 


74 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


12.  U.  Mulilenlergii,  Acli.  (sub  Gyroph.).     Th.  coriaceous-cartik 
gineous,  somcwliat  lacunose-reticulafc,  olivaceous-fuscous  ;  on  the  iifr| 
der  side  papillose-granulate,  lacerate  in  anastomosing  ridges,  fuscoui. 
JL.  cincrascent ;  apotli.  somewhai  sunk,  originally  lirellaiform,  at  leiig!;| 

composite,  stellate-multiform,  crowded  finally  into  a  convex,  immars;. 
nate  tubercle.  Gyrophora,  Acli.  Lichenogr.  p.  227.  Syn.  p.  G7.  Hool 
in  Rich.  L  c.  p.  7r)8.  —  /5.  alpina,  Tuckerm. ;  smaller,  thickened,  ant] 
complicated.     Lick.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

Tlocks.  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  Muhl  !  New  York,  Hah^ 
New  England,  common  and  luxuriant  on  the  coast.  Northward  tj 
Newfoundland,  7?or^  in  herb.  Kunth !  and  Arctic  America,  J?ic/i.-| 
/J,  alpine  rocks,  White  Mountains.  Tiie  descriptions  by  Sprengel  (Svs: 
IV.  pp.  2G2,  2G3)  of  this  species  and  of  U.  Pennsylvanica  seem  l:j 
liave  been  transposed. 

^  13.  U.  angiilata,  Tuckerm.  Th.  coriajeous-cartiligiiieous,  veri 
rigid,  smooth,  and  somewhat  polished,  becoming  dark-fuscous  and  nJ 
grescent ;  on  the  under  side  very  black,  papillose-granula.te,  laceraJ 
at  the  centre,  with  paler  fibres  ;  apolh.  somcvhat  impressed,  originalljl 
sublirellffiform,  becoming  angulatc-patcllate,  lirellatc,  and  at  lengiJ 
convex,  with  an  obtuse  margin. 

Rocks.  (California,  Alenzies .')  Northwest  Coast,  Herb.  Hook.i 
Perhaps  nearest  to  U.  Dillenii,  the  apothecia  at  length  '-esembling  tliosj 
of  that  species. 


i! 


XVIII.    01»KGUAPHA,  Humboldt. 

Apothecia  somewhat  lirella;form,  elongated,  margined  by  a  freel 
carbonaceous,  proper  exciple.  Disk  canaliculate,  at  first  closed  b| 
the  inficxcd-connivcnt  margin,  becoming  oj)en,  indurated,  and  liormj 
Thallus  crustaceous. 

The  Gruphidetc  proper,  excluding  Ur.bilicaria,  constitute  a  peculiai 
snblribe,  which  attains  to  its  full  development  only  in  the  tropics  ;  passiiij 
there  into  several  genera  not  foimd  elsewhere.  Eschweiler  (Systemij 
&  Lich.  Brasil.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.),  Chevallier  (llistoire  des  GrupliJ 
dees),  and  Fee  (Essai  sur  les  Cryptoganies  des  tcorc^es  Exotiques  Oil 
ficinales)  have  illustrated  these  genera,  which  are  probably  representel 
in  ohr  Soulhern  States,  where  also  several  remarkable  species  of 
present  genus,  inhabiting  the  South  of  Europe  and  extending  north  as  faj 
as  the  warmer  parts  of  England  (Borrer),  may  be  expected  to  occufl 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA 


75 


Herb.  Hook.] 


Sect.  I.     Apothecia  superficial,  destitute  of  a  tlialline  margin. 

1.  0.  varia,   Pcrs.,   Fr.      Crust    pomewiiat   leprous,    indeterminate 

rarely  innate  in  the  matrix) ;  apothecia  superficial,  tumid  ;  margins  of 

jhe  entire  exciple  at  length  distant,  becoming  thin,  or  disappearing; 

|isk  somewhat  plane,  at  first  subpruinose,  blackish  within,     "r.  Lichen- 

\gr.  p.  364.    O.  cymUformis,  Schccr.  !  Spicil.  1,  p.  50.  —  «.  jmlicnris, 

Fr.;  apoth.  rather  elliptical ;  disk  a  little  concave,  margin  inflcxed.    Fr. 

c.    0.  vuh-ella,  Ach.  —  ^.  notlia,  Fr.  ;  apoth.  rounded  ;  disk  turgos- 

Jcnt,  and  often  obliterating  the  margin.     Fr.  /.  c.     Opegrapha,  Ach. 

jraphis  curvula,  Ehrh.    Tuckcrm.  Lick  N.  E.  I.  c.  —  y.  signata,  Fr. ; 

Jpoth.  elongated  ;  disk  broad,  plane,  margin  evanescent.     Fr.  !  I.  c. 

egrapha,  Ach.    Lichen  hebraicus,  Hofm.     O.  cij?nbiformis,  var.  he- 

Iraica,  Schm:  !  Spicil.  p.  330,  part.  ~8.  diaphora,  Fr. ;  apoth.  eion- 

bted,  botii  ways  rather  attenuated ;  margin  somewhat  persistent.    Fr. 

c.    Opegrapha,  Ach. 

Thick  bark  of  oaks  and  other  trees,  and  degenerant  on  dead  bark 
Ind  wood,  and  stones  ;  I  England.  New  York  («  and  /5j,  Hatseij. 
Pennsylvania  (a  and  /3),  Muhl. 

2,  0.  atra,  Pers.,  Duf.     Cr.  innate  in  the  matrix  ;  apoth.  emern-ent- 
liiporficial,  slender,  shining,  acute  ;  margin  of  the  somewhat  entire  ex- 
Jiple  thin ;  disk  linear,  canaliculate,  naked,  horny  within.     Fr.  Lichen- 
tgr.  p.  366.  —  «.  slcnocarpa,  Fr.  ;  apoih.  very  long,  scmicylindrical,  ^ 
|e.\nous;  discrete,  or  reticulate-anastomosing,  or  macuteform  and  ir- 

cgular,    Fr.  I.  c.     Schcer.  !  Spicil.  p.  48.     O.  stenocarpa,  denigrata, 

uigala,  ^  epipasfa,  «,  .4rA.  — ,?.  ahbrcviola,  Fi.,  apoth.  abbreviated, 
jregular,  often  radiateiy  disposed.  Fr.  I.  c.  0.  depressa,  ^'  0.  epi- 
\asta,y,d,Ach.  —  y.  macularis,  Fr. ;  apoth.  dilated  into  somewhat 
adiate,  immarginate  macula;,  and  confluent.  Fr.  !  1.  c.  Arlhonia  as- 
^oidea,  S,-  A.  Swartziana,  Ach.  —  S.  sidcreUa,  Fr.  ;  cr.  fuscescent ; 
both,  acute,  opakc,  somewhat  innate  and  here  and  there  erumpent. 
f'-.  /.  '■.  Opegrapha,  Ach.  0.  rufescens,  a.  rubella,  Schorr.  !  Spicil. 
|.50(cFr.). 

Smooth  bark  of  trees  ;  New  England.    New  York  («  and  y),  Halsey. 
bctic  America  (O.  epipasta,  (i),  Rich. 

3.  0.  herpelica,  Ach.,  Fr.     Cr.  innate  in  the  matrix,  at  length  erum- 
lent,  and  vcrruculosc  ;  apoth.  emergent,  elliptical  or  obtusely  lanceo- 
|1P,  opake  (somewhat  ocellatc  or  marginate  by  the  white  thalline  ver- 
!;  margins  of  the  entire  exciple  thin;  disk  canaliculate,  naked, 


76 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


■h 


I 


horny  within,  becoming  tunnid,  and  covering  the  margin.   Fr.  !  Licki\ 
ogr.  p.  368. 

Bark  of  oaks,  and  other  trees,  New  England. 

4.  O.ahnormis,  Ach.  Cr.  thin,  softish,  white;  apoth.  immerseJ 
very  slender,  short  or  very  long,  flexuous,  confluent,  rugose-crispecl 
opake,  black  ;  disk  and  margin  somewhat  confluent  and  indistinct.  Ack\ 
Si/7i.  p.  74. 

Hard  bark  of  trees  ;  Pennsylvania,  Muh!.,  Ach.  A  mostly  tropicsj 
species  growing  on  Cascarilla,  and  other  bark. 

Sect.  II.    CxRAi'His.    Apolhecia  crumpent,  coronate  for  the  most  pari 

with  a  thalline  marcin. 

5.  0.  scripta,  Ach.,  Scha^r.  Cr.  innate  in  the  matrix,  becoming  sj 
length  exposed,  uneven,  and  pulverulent;  apoth.  immersed,  erumpenJ 
with  a  raised  accessory  thalline  margin  ;  the  proper  margin  tenuescenJ 
.smooth;  the  disk  linear,  at  first  cicsious-pruinose.  Fr.  Lichenogr.}. 
370.  SchcBr.  !  Spicil.  p.  46.  —  «.  limilala,  Sch^r. ;  apoth.  emergenl 
scattered  irregularly,  various.  Fr.  I.  c.  Schccr.  I.e.  —  [3.  recta,  Sc\m.\ 
apoth.  immersed,  straight,  parallel,  disk  somewhat  dilated.  Fr.  I.  (I 
Sc/uer.  I.  c.  0.  recta,  Iliuiih.  O.  Cerasi  Sf-  betuligna,  Ach.  — ;-. 
pentina,  Scha^r. ;  apoth.  immersed,  flexuous,  very  long,  the  thallinJ 
margin  tumid,  evanescent.    Fr.  I.  c.    Scha;r.  I.  c.    O.  serpentina,  Aci 

Bark  of  trees  ;  New  England.  New  York  («,  ^,  and  y),  Hcdscil 
Pennsylvania  («  and  fi),  Muhl. 

6.  O.  pohjmorpha.  Cr.  somewhat  pulverulent,  whilish-cincrascerl 
or  very  white  ;  apoth.  somewhat  rounded  or  oblong,  irregular,  witlwl 
ai)parent  proper  margin,  from  plane  becoming  tumid  and  elevateil 
])unctate,  angulose,  rcpand,  or  somewhat  stellate-ramulose,  cirsiouJ 
pruinose,  with  a  more  or  Il-ss  conspicuous  thalline  mni-g:.:.  Arthom 
pohjmorpha,  Ach.  Sijn.  p.  7.  Fee  Cnjpt.  Exot.  p.  53.  Eschw.  Lv\ 
Bras.  I.  c.  p.  111.     O.  Cascarilhe,  Flocrlc!  hcrh.  {fde  ips.). 

North  America  (Pennsylvania  }),  Muhl.  A  common  Lichen  of  Casj 
carilla  bark,  which  Eschweiler  (1.  c.)  has  illustrated  at  length.  Tli 
arrangement  of  IMuhlenberg's  catalogue  leaves  it  probable  that  he  coo] 
sidered  it  to  occur  within  our  limits. 

7.  O.inusta,  Ach.   (sub  Graph.).     Cr.  membranaceous,  somcwl 
rugulose,  pale-virescent,  decussated  by  black  lines  ;  apoth.  minute,  imj 
mersed,  rathci  short,  straight,  simple  or  somewhat  slellate-ramosG,  oil 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


n 


oth.  immerseiiJ 


^ise,  plano-concave,  naked  ;  the  proper  margin  very  thin,  entire,  con- 
crete, with  a  thicker,  elevated,  thalline  margin.  Grapliis  inusia,  Ach. 
KiiH.  p.  85. 

Burk  of  Prinos  verticillata,  Canada,  Knhii.  (Ach.).  In  this  varia- 
ble genus,  long  ob.jrvation  is  essential  to  any  correct  settlement  of  the 
Ipecics.     The  present  appears  to  he  wholly  unknown  here. 

XIX.     LECANACTIS,  Eschw. 

Apolhccia  immersed,  rounded-irregular  and  lirelhuform,  always  open, 

he  cupular,  carbonaceous,  proper  e.\ciple  connate  with  the   ttiallus, 

jvliich  constitutes  sometimes  an  accessory  margin.     Disk  horny,  some- 

I'hat  plane,  never  connivent,  veiled  at  first  by  the  pruinose  thallus,  and 

fcordered  by  the  erect  margin  of  the  exciple.     Thallus  crustaceous. 

L.  impolita,  Fr.  Cr.  tar'^reous,  contiguous,  chinky,  glaucescent ; 
Ipoih.  immersed,  dilated,  macuteform,  obscurely  fuscous,  glaucous- 
truinose.    Fr.  Siimm.  Fl.  Scand.    ArtJw7iia,  Borr.  in  E.  Bot.  Suppl. 

2CM.  rarinelia,  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  183.  Lichen,  Ehrli.  Arlhonia 
truinnsa,  Aclu, 

Trunks.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 


Tribe  IV.     CALICIACE.^,  Fr. 

XX.     TRACHYLIA,  Fr. 

Apotliccia  sessile,  discrete  from  the  thallus,  orbiculate.  Disk  some- 
\  hat  compact,  ascigerous,  margined  by  the  innate,  carbonaceous,  pr.  per 

l.xcipje.  or  the  exciple  obsolete.  Asci  oblong.  Thal'is  crustaceous. 
This  genus,  for  which  I  am  not  able  to  furnish  a  complete  character, 
'listinguished  from  the  other  genera  of  the  trii't.'  by  the  sporidia  being 

lonlaiiied  in  and.     Several  of  the  species  have  Jso  a  peculiar  habit, 

^iiite  dilFerent  from  that  of  the  true  Calicia. 

1.  T  ligil/aris,  Fr.     Crust  areolal'>vn -Mcose,  b'ight  greenish-ycl- 
ow;  apothecia  innate  ;  the  disk  origin;'';}  i.aked,  black,  equalling  the 
jumid  margin.    Calicium,  Turn.  ^  Borr.  Lick.  J^rit.  p   132.    Fr.  Li- 
Yciingr.  p.  400.     TrachyUa,  Fr.  Sumn.  Fl  Scand. 

Old  rails  and   pales,  and  also  on   »runks.     New   England.     New 
p  oi'k,  Hahey.     Arctic  America,  Uich, 


78 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


2.  T.  sligonella,  Fr.     Parasitical ;  exciple  cupular,  innate,  black; 
the  disk  plane,  black-pulverulent,  equalling  the  thin,  erect,  black  marj 
gin.     Caliciiim,  Ach.  Sijn.     Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  401.     Trachylia,  Fr\ 
Siimm.  Fl.  Scand. 

(Crust  of  Pertusaria  pertusa,  var.  coccodes  ;  Fr.)  Pennsylvania,! 
Muhl     New  York,  Torrey. 

XXI.    CxVLICIUM,  Pers.,  Fr. 

Apothecia  crateriform  ;  a  carbonaceous  proper  exciple  margining 
compact  or   powdery  disk,  composed  of  coacervate,  naked  sporidiaJ 
Thallus  crustaceous. 

Eschweiier''s  (Lich.  Bras.  1.  c.  p.  61)  reference  of  the  Calicia  tcl 
Fungi  seems,  so  far  as  I  can  venture  an  opinion  on  his  observations, 
hardly  satisfactory.  The  crustaceous  thallus,  though  often,  from  vaJ 
rious  causes,  deficient,  exists  normally  in  every  species,  except  thej 
parasitical  and  doubtful  C.  turbinatum ;  and  the  structure  of  the  excij 
pie  connects  the  genus,  together  with  the  related  Trachylia  and  ConiJ 
ocybe,  closely  with  Lecideacea3,  quasi,  to  use  Fries's  expression,  Le-\ 
cidinarum  degeneralio  pracipitata. 

Sect.  I.     Apothecia  stipitate. 

*     Glauccscentia,  Fr.     Exciple  more  or  less  whitish-cinerc'l 

ous-pruinose. 

1.  — .  viridc,  Pers.  Crust  granulose,  yellowish-green  ;  stipes  some'] 
wb  i*  elongated,  black  ;  apothecia  turbinate-lentiform,  whitish-cinereousl 
ber:eath  ;  the  disk  plane.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  ISSG. 

Decavino;  wood  in  mountain  forests ;  New  Endand. 

2.  C.  Icnticulare,  Ach.     Cr.  somewhat  tartareous,  rugose-granulale.l 
grayish-white  ;  stipes  straight,   thick,   rigid,  black  ;   apolh.  IcntiloniiJ 
whitish-cinereous  beneath  ;  the  disk  plano-convex.    Fr.  Lichenogr. 
386.    C.  clavcUuin,  Turn.  4*  Borr.  Lirh  Bril.  p.  13S.    C.  claviculart\ 
Ach.  part     Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  1465. 

Decaying  wood,  common  in  mountain  forests  ;  New  England.  Ncw[ 
York  (C.  claviculare),  Haiseif.     Arctic  America  (C.  clavic),  Rich. 

3.  C.  cvrluin,  Turn.  &  Borr.  Cr.  filmy,  vhitish  ;  stipes  short,  thiclil 
firm,  very  black;  apoth.  turbinate-cylindrical,  with  a  coarctate,  whitibiil 
margin  ;  the  disk  becoming  at  length  protrudcd-promincnt.    Turn. 


)^-'.u. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


79 


/hitish-cinere' 


ii"Ian(].    lS.cn 


IBorr.  Lich.  Brit.  p.  US.    Fr. !  Lichenogr.  p.  387.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t. 

12503. 

Decaying  wood  in  the  New  Hampshire  mountains.  The  protruded 
J'-disk  ofleM  as  long  as  the  capitulum  itself,  and  in  the  latter  case  giving 
jthe  pilidium  a  miniature  resemblance  to  a  painter's  brush."   Lich.  Brit. 

4.  C.  suhtile,  Pers.,  Fr.    Cr.  filmy,  leprous,  white-glaucescent ;  stipes 
liform,  flaccid,  black  ;  apoth.  lentiform-globose,  naked,  black  ;  the  mar- 
Tin  at  length  reflected.    Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  388.     C.  dehile,  Turn.  Sj- 
lorr.  Lich.  Brit.  p.  151.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  2462. 

Decaying  wood.  Dead  trees  from  which  the  bark  has  fallen  in 
Inountain  forests  ;  New  England.  Arctic  America,  Rich.  Apolhecia 
at  first  white-pruinose.    Fr. 

5.  C.  trichiale,  Ach.  Cr.  of  pale,  squamulose,  crenate  granules  ; 
btipes  commonly  slender,  elongated  ;  apoth.  turbinate,  and,  at  length, 
from  the  swelling  of  the  yellowish-brown  disk,  subglobose,  white-cine- 
reous beneath.     Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  389.     Scl>        '  Spicil.  p.  5. 

Rough  bark  of  trees,  as  of  hemlock  ;  an'         *;■     .ying  wood  ;  New 
jiigland. 

**    Fas  c  es  c  entia,  Fr.     Apothecia  more  or  less  ferrugineous. 

().  C.  phaomelanum,  Tuckerm.  Cr.  of  scattered,  dissected  squa- 
niiles,  green  (and  fuscescent) ;  apoth.  subsessile,  ferrugineous-fuscous, 
b  length  black  ;  the  powdery,  black  disk  at  length  surpassing  the  tu- 
(iiid,  smooth  margin. 

Fir-bark  in  the  New  Hampshire  mountains,  common.    T  should  most 

kidily  compare  this  with  Trachylia  tympanella,  Fr.,  from  which   it 

Mhrs  In  its  slightly  stipitate  apothecia,  &c.     It  is  very  unlike  any  Eu- 

j-opean  Calicium  that  1  am  acquainted  with,  but  I  think  must  be  refera- 

ilc  to  the  genus. 

7.  C.  hyperelhm,  Wahl.  Cr.  somewhat  tartareous,  granulose,  green- 
Ish-yellow  ;  stipes  elongated,  thick,  firm,  dull  brownish-black  ;  apoth. 
lentiform,  ferrugineous  beneath  ;  disk  browrish-black.  Fr.  !  Lichen- 
Vgr,  p.  389.     Turn,  c^  Borr.  Lich.  Brit.  y/.  Mi).     Icon,   E.  Bot.  t. 

Decaying  wood  in  the  mountains  of  New  England. 

B.  C.  Iracheiinvv},  Ach.  Cr.  filmy,  somewhat  smooth,  grayish  ; 
Itipes   elongated,   slender,    firm,   ferrugineous-fuscous,    becomins   at 


80 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


length  black;  apoth.  turbinate-Ientiform,  rufous-ferrugineous  beneath, 
at  length,  together  with  the  disk,  blackish.  Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  J390.  C.| 
sphccrocepliulu7n,  Turn.  4*  Borr.  Lick.  Brit.  p.  153. 

Decaying  wood,  and  on  trunks ;  New  England.  New  York,  Halsq] 
The  stipes  sometimes  branched  in  this,  as  in  C.  subtile,  and  .her  spe- 
cies. 

9.  C.  melanoj>hcEum,  Ach.,  Fr.     Cr.  granulate-conglomerate,  milkJ 
white  ;  stipes  rather  short,  black  ;  apoth.  turbinate-globose,  black  ami 
shining  beneath,  as  is  also  the  inflexed  margin;  disk  pulverulent,  fer- 
rugineous-brown  and  nigrescent.     Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  Sdl.     Sommem 
Lapp.  p.  179. 

Decaying  wood  in  the  New  Hampshire  mountains.  The  crust  deJ 
ficient  in  my  specimens,  but  the  apolhecia  appear  to  me  like  those  oil 
the  Swedish  Lichen.  Sommerfcit  remarks  that  he  has  gathered  it  bul 
rarely,  and  is  uncertain  whether  it  is  any  thing  else  than  a  variety  ofj 
the  last,  to  which  Fries  also  originally  referred  it. 

10.  C.  hninneolum,  Fr.     Cr.  very  thin,  smooth,  whitish  ;  stipes  elonJ 
gated,  very  slender,  often  branched,  black;  apoth.  (small)  turbinateJ 
globose,  dark-yellov  "sh-ferrugineous  ;  the  disk  of  the  same  color,  oblitj 
crating  the  margin  of  the  exciple.    Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  393.     C.  jjaci- 
eliniun,  Scluer. !  Spicil.  p.  4. 

Decaying  wood  in  the  mountainous  districts  of  New  England. 

***    Flnv  o-v  i  r  e  s  c  en  t  i  a  ,  Fr.     Apothecia  yellowish-pruinosel 

11.  C.  chrysocephalum  (Turn.),  Ach.     Cr.  granulate-conglomeraiel 
bright  greenish-yellow  ;  stipes  slender,  often  elongated,  black,  with  oftenl 
a  greenish  tinge  ;  apoth.  turbinate-Ientiform,  yellow-pruinose  ;  the  diskl 
light-brown.    Turn.  ^-  Borr.  Lick  Brit.  p.  143.    E.  Bot.  t.  2301.    Fi\ 
Lichenogr.  p.  393. 

Rough  bark  of  hemlock  and  other  trees,  and  on  decaying  wood;] 
New  England. 

13-.  C.  phcpocephahi7n,  Turn.  &  Borr.  Cr.  of  discrete,  crowded,  al 
length  squamulose  and  crenate,  fuscescent  granules  ;  stipes  slenderl 
blackish-fuscous  ;  apoth.  turbinate-Ientiform,  greonish-yellow-pruinosel 
disk  dark-fuscous.  Tu7'n.  4*  Borr.  Lich.  Brit.  p.  145.  Fr.  Lichcn\ 
ogr.  p.  394.  —  jl ;  cr.  less  perfect.  Fr. !  I.  c.  C.  roscidum,  /?.  Schctr. 
Tuckerm.  Enum.  Lich.  N.  Amer.  p.  55.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  1540. 

Decaying  wood  (/3),  Arctic  America,  Rich.  (Herb.  Hook.  !). 


boming  at  lenm 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


81 


Sect.  II.     Apothecia  sessile  ;  without  crust;  parasitical. 

13.  C.  turhinatum,  Pars.  Parasitical ;  exciple  from  globose  becom- 
iinri  turbinate,  sessile,  free,  shining-black,  the  disk  impressed,  with  a 
Ithickish,  inflexed  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  402.  C.  sessile,  DC. 
mni.  ^  Borr.  Lick.  Brit.  p.  128.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  2520. 

On  the  crust,  and  in  the  verruca  of  Pertusaria  pertusa,  Ach.  New 
[England.     New  York,  Torrey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 


XXII.    CONIOCYBE,  Fr. 

Apothecia  stipitate,  spherical,  suberose,  without  margin,  bursting  at 
Itlie  apex  and  becc  ning  at  length  entirely  pulverulent,  and  concealing 
|lhe  proper  exciple.     Thallus  crustaceous. 

C.  nigricans,  Fr.  Crust  very  thin,  leprous,  white  ;  stipes  naked, 
Jl'roin  whitish  becoming  black  ;  apothecia  globose,  naked,  black.  Fr. 
^khenogr.  p.  384. 

Kough  bark  of  hemlock  and  rock-maple  ;  New  England.  It  is  with 
hesitation  that  I  refer  our  plant  to  the  European  species,  though  it  ap- 
pears to  agree  with  a  specimen  from  Flotow.  The  genus  is  at  once 
dislinguishable  from  the  other  genera  of  the  tribe,  and  several  other 
Epecies,  as  C.  furfuracea,  with  yellow-pulverulent  apothecia,  and  C. 
lallida,  with  pale,  wliite-pruinose  apothecia,  not  improbably  occur 
hvith  us. 


t.2'Ml.    Fr.. 


Div.  II.     A  N  G  I  O  C  A  R  P  I ,    Schrad.,    Fr. 

Tribe  I.     SPHiEROPHORACEiE,  Fr. 

XXIII.     SPH^ROPHORON,   Pers. 

Apothecia  terminal,  spherical,  the  thalline  exciple  at  first  closed,  be- 
brning  at  length  lacerate-dehiscent.  Nucleus  globose,  within  cottony- 
fcartilagineous,  without  powdery  with  naked,  black  sporidia.  Thallus 
|ertical,  fruticulose,  crustaceous-cartilagineous  without,  solid  within. 

1.  S.  compressum,   Ach.      Thallus  fruticulose,   whitish,  irregularly 
|)ranclied,  compressed,  fibrillose-ramulose ;  apothecia  globose-depressed, 
11 


82 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


at  length  disciform,  with  a  reflexed  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  4fll| 
Turn.  ^  Borr.  Lick.  Brit.  p.  1 15.    Icon,  E.  But.  t.  1 11. 

Rocks  and  on  llie  carlii  in  alpine  districts.  Canada,  fertile,  //ert| 
Hook. !    Arctic  America  !  Rich. 

2.  S.  ghhiferum  (L.),  DC.  Th.  fruticulosc,  somewhat  terete,  wij 
erectish,  fibrillosc-ramulose  branchet:,  chestnut ;  apoth.  globose,  wiJ 
an  inflexed  margin.  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  Lichen  glohiferus,  L.  S.  Coralkii 
des,  Pcrs.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  405.  Turn.  Sf  Borr.  Lick.  Brit.  p.  11| 
{excl.  j3).    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  115, 

On  the   eartli   in  alpine    and  subalpine  districts  ;    and   descendinip 
northward.      While   Mountains,   fertile.      Eastport,  Maine,    J^usse//: 
Newfoundland,  Pylaie.     Arctic  America,  Hook.  ! 

3.  S.  fragile,  Pers.  Th.  densely  caspitose,  fruticulose,  dichotol 
mously  branched,  somewhat  cinereous;  branches  terete,  fastigiate,  ml 
ked  ;  apoth.  turbinate-globose,  with  an  inflexed  margin.  Fr.  Lichenom 
p.  405.     Schcrr.  !  Spicil.  p.  7.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  2474. 

Alpine  rocks.  White  Mountains,  fertile.  Northward  to  Arclitfc 
America,  Hook.     Rarely  somewhat  compressed. 


Tribe   II.     ENDOCARPACEyE,  Er. 


XXIV. 


ENDOCARPON,  Hedw. 


t 


I 


Apothecia  included  in  the  thallus,  globose  ;  a  membranaceous,  tliiJ 
pale  thalline  exciple  inclosing  a  gelatinous,  colored,  deliquescent  nil] 
cleus  ;  ostiolcs  somewhat  prominent.  Thallus  horizontal,  cartilagiiiej 
ous-foliaceous,  subpeltate. 

1.  Yj.  miniatuin.,  i\.c\\.  Thallus  cartilagincous-coriaceous,  rigid,  pale] 
ycUowish-fulvescent,  becoming  cinerascont  and  glaucous-pruinose  ;  oJ 
the  under  side  naked,  at  length  somewhat  rugose,  fulvescent,  at  lengil 
black ;  ostiolcs  somewhat  prominent,  fuscous-nigrescent.  Fr.  Liclia- 
ogr.  p.  408.  —  /5.  compJicalum,  Scha^r. ;  ca;spitose-polyphyllous  ;  lobe:| 
ascendant,  imbricate  and  complicate,  cinereous  ;  on  the  under  : 
dark-fuscous.     Schccr.  !  Spicil.  p.  59.     Fr.  J.  c. 

Rocks.  New  York,  Httlsey.  Pennsylvania,  Mu/il.  Arctic  AmeriJ 
ca.  Rich.  —  (S,  near  water,  New  England.    New  York, //a/se^.    FriesI 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


83 


art!   to   Arclit 


BS  well  as  Sprengel,  refers  E.  glaucum,  Ach.  (North  America,  Ach.), 
jto  tiie  variety  «  of  the  present  species.  I  have  not  found  this  variety, 
but  the  next  species  is  near  to  it. 

2.  E.  31uhlenhergii,  Ach.  Th.  cartilagincous-coriaceous,  thick, 
iTrom  greenish-glaucous  becoming  fuscescent,  very  finely  rugose  and 
^omcwliat  chinky ;  on  the  under  side  fuscous-black ;  ostioles  convex. 

Ich.  Sijn.  p.  101. 

Rocks,  North  America,  Ach.  West  Point,  New  York,  Russell  ! 
\C{.  Ach.  Syn.  pp.  101,  103.) 

3.  E.  jluvialile,  DC.  Th.  cartilagincous-mcmbranaceous,  flaccid, 
jobed,  green,  becoming  fuscescent  when  dry  ;  lobes  rounded,  somewhat 
liiriculatc-lobulate,  on  the  under  side  naked,  reticidate-rugulosc,  pale- 
■iiscoiis,  becoming  black ;  ostioles  somewhat  prominent,  black.  Fr. ! 
^jickenogr.  p.  409.    E.  7niniat.um,  y.  aquaticum,  Schccr.  !  Spicih  p.  60. 

Weheri,  Ach.  —  (i.  fuloo-fusciwi,  Tuckerm.  ;   th.  thick,  snbcoria- 

ceous,  submonophyllous,  with  auriculate-lobulate,  somewhat  inflexed 

nargins,  fuscous-fulvescent ;  on  the  under  side  reticulnte-rugose,  dark- 

Ivous-fuscous  becoming  black  ;  ostioles  scarcely  prominent,  dark-rcd- 

|[lish  nigrescent. 

Rocks  (granite),  suffused  with  water;  New  England.  New  York, 
'HaJseij.  Newfoundland,  Pylaie.  — ,?,  alpine.  Lrdce  of  the  Clouds, 
White  Mountains,  at  an  elevation  of  five  thousand  feet.  Fries  rc- 
(larks,  in  comparing  the  present  species  with  E.  miniatum,  «,  that 
monophyllous  specimens  of  the  former  are  always  minute  ;  but  in  /? 
Ihese  occur  nearly  as  large  as  average  specimens  of  the  latter.  The 
K'cry  brief  indication  given  by  Persoon  (Act.  Wetterav.)  of  his  E. 
Lmcricanum  answers  to  our  variety. 

4.  E.  pus  ilium,  Hedw.  Th.  cartilagineous,  squamulose-foliaccous, 
Bmooth,  brownish-olivaceous,  pale  on  the  under  side,  arising  from  a 

ilack,  fibrillose  hypothallus  ;  ostioles  black,  somewhat  prominent,  per- 
liise.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  411.  E.  Hcdn'igii,  Ach.,  ^  E.  lachneum  Sf 
f(]unmulosum,  Ach.  (c  Fr.). 

On  the  earth,  and  rocks,  especially  of  the  more  recent  formations. 
Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  New  York,  Halsey.  Apparently  wanting  in  the 
granite  region  of  New  England. 

T).  E.  livlevircns,  Turn.  Th.  thin,  membranaceous,  irregularly  orbic- 
Nar,  somewhat  concave,  round-lobed,  grass-green,  margins  very  entire, 


84 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


inflexed,  the  under  side  white  at  the  edges.    E.  viride,  Ach.    Ffrn/ca.| 
ria  IcBtevirens,  Borr.  in  E.  Bol.  Suppl.  t.  2658. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  districts.  White  Mountains.  Arctic  Ameril 
ca,  Rich.  The  apothecia  are  unknown,  and  the  plant  is  a  very  doubtl 
ful  member  of  the  present  genus.  Fries  regards  it  a  metamorpliosisl 
of  the  squamules  of  Cladonia. 

XXV.     SAGEDIA,  Ach.,  Fr. 

Apothecia  included  in  the  thallus,  globose  ;  nucleus  gelatinous,  dJ 
liquescent,  and,  as  well  as  the  membranaceous,  thin  exciple,  becomirJ 
at  length  blackish  ;  ostiolcs  discrete,  attenuated  into  a  thin  neck,  ani 
dilated  at  the  apices,  pertuse.     Thallus  horizontal,  subcrustaceous. 

S.  cinerea,  Fr.  Crust  cinereous,  at  length  pruinose,  somewhat  folii 
aceous  at  the  circumference  ;  on  the  under  side  spongy,  black  ;  ostil 
oles  superficial,  spheroidal.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  413.  Endocarpon,  Pm| 
E.  tephroides,  «  ^  ^5,  Ach.  Syn. 

(On  the  earth.  Fr.)  New  York  (rocks),  flaZspy.  We  have  perhap"! 
a  Sagedia,  on  rocks,  in  New  England. 


XXVI.     PERTUSARIA,  DC. 

Apothecia  vcrrucajform,  formed  from  the  thallus,  including  (1— ( 
naked,  waxy-gelatinous,  colored   nuclei.      Thallus  crustaceous,  ofte[| 
passing  into  soredia  and  isidia. 

1.  P.  pertusa,  Ach.  (sub  Porina).     Crust  cartilagineous,  glaiicous] 
white;  apothecia  depressed-hemispherical,  irregular;  ostioles depressedl 
discrete,  the  perfect  ones  black-papillate.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  420.    PA 
'j-  rina  pertusa,  Ach.    Lichen  pertusus,  L.    Perlusaria  communis,  DC] 

—  *  sorediifera;  crust  sterile,  sorcdiiferous.  Fr.  I.  c.  Variolaria 
Ach. —  **  coccodes  ;  crust  isidioid,  papillose-ramulose.  Fr.  I.  c.  Isi\ 
dium  coccodes,  Ach. — (j.  areolala,  Fr. ;  crust  thicker,  rimose-arcolatel 
verrucose,  often  sterile  and  sorediiferous.  Fr.  I.  c.  Variolaria  Fk\ 
toioiana,  Floerk.  !  —  /.  leucostoma,  Fr.  ;  apothecia  with  white  ostiokJ 
the  black  papillre  deficient.  Fr.  I.  c.  Porina  leucosloma,  Ach.-\ 
«^  8.  leiopJaca,  Fr. ;  crust  very  smooth  ;  apothecia  imperrect,  cliinky-de] 
hiscent.    Fr.  I.  c.    Porina  leioplaca,  Ach. 

Trunks  and  dead  wood  ;  — ,9,  stones  ;  New  England.     New  Yorl| 
('If,  y,  and  8),  Hahey.     Pennsylvania  («  and  8),  Muhl. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


So 


2.  P.  faginea.  Cr.  tartarcous-carlilagincous,  cinercous-wliite,  the 
[ircumfcrcnce  zonatc,  often  thin,  polished,  and  somewhat  bluish  ;  apoth. 
hemispherical,  bursting   into  mealy  sorcdia.     Lichen  fagincus,  L.  ^ 

lucl.  (e  Ft'.).  Variolaria  muliijmncta.  Turn,  in  Linn.  Trans.  9,  ;;. 
\'Vi,t.  10,/.  1.  V.  faginea,  Floerk.  !  P.  snrediata,  Fr.  —  /3.  orhi- 
liiJala;  apoth.  lax,  explanate;  the  nuclei  expanded  into  a  submeiubra- 
Jaceous,  denudate,  flesh-colored  disk,  which  at  length  falls  out,  leaving 

he  sorediiform  verrucEe.    P.  commiini.'s,  (i.  sorediaia,  c.  orhicvlata,  Fr. 

'Jchcnogr.  p.  422.     Variolaria  faginea,  communis,  &•  roraUina,  Auct. 

Trunks,  dead  wood,  rocks,  ant',  stones;  New  England  and  westward, 
^"ew  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Arctic  America,  Rich. 
The  Variolaria.'  have  been  illustrated  most  largely  by  Turner  and  Bor- 
er, in  the  Lichenographia  Britannica,  and  by  the  first-mentioned  au- 
hor  in  the  Linngean  Transactions.  That  they  are  sore'Miferous  states 
Y  various  crustaceous  Lichens  has  been  shown  at  c  at  length  by 
Meyer,  Wallroth,  and  Fries,  and  this  view  is  confirmed  ity  the  observa- 
tons  of  Eschweiler  and  of  Schfcrer.  To  the  present  species,  and  the 
ftst,  most  of  our  common  Variolarioe  are  to  be  referred. 

^.  ?.  papillafa,  Ach.  (sub  Porina).  Cr.  smooth,  chinky,  whitish  ; 
lipotli.  convex,  hemispherical ;  ostiole  solitary,  elevated,  papillocform, 
nth  a  rufescent  pore.    Ach.  Si/7i.  p.  111. 

Trunks.     New  England.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

4.  P.  glolularis,  Ach.  (sub  Porina).  Cr.  of  very  numerous,  subglo- 
|)osc,  and  ramulose,  glaucescent  granules;  apoth.  (infr'quent)  globose, 
^mooth,  with  a  solitary,  impressed,  punctiform,  black  ostiole.  Ach. 
^yn.  p.  1 12. 

Upon  mosses,  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.,  Ach. 

5.  P.  hymenia.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  pale-sulphureous  or  grayish,  bor- 
dered by  a  black  line ;  apoth.  hemispherical-depressed,  with  a  solitary, 
Repressed  ostiole,  or  more  often  dehiscent,  marginate,  and  somewhat 
fecutelliform,  the  discoid  centre  black-dotted.  Turn.  4*  Borr.  Lich.  Brit. 
p.  185,  suh  Thelofr.  Lichen  hymenius,  Ach.  Prodr.  'P.  Wulfenii,  DC. 
?r.  Lichenogr.  p.  424.    Porina  fallax,  Ach.  Syn. 

Trunks.    New  England.    Nov,-  York,  Hahey.    Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 


I.     New  Yor'i 


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LICIIENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


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Tribe  III.     VERRUCARIACE.^,  Fr. 

XXVIT.     CONOTllfcMA,  Tuckerm. 

Perithecia  mostly  solitary,  homy,  black,  at  first  pertuse,  becomitil 
at  length  open,  with  a  coarctate,  inflcxed  margin,  including  a  depresseffl 
nucleus,  which  is  elevated  at  the  centre  inio  a  somewhat  marginatsl 
disk.     Thalius  crustaceous. 

C.  tirceolatum,  Tuckerm.  Crust  thin,  smooth,  rugose-rimose,  glasJ 
cous-white,  bordered  by  a  black  line  ;  perithecia  scattered,  at  first  cov 
ercd  by  the  crust,  finally  superficial,  conoidal,  white-pruinose.  Lec(V/>J 
urceolafa,  Ach.  Lichenogr.  p.  671.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  27.  Pyrenula  en\\ 
roleuca,  Spreng.  in  Hals.  Lich.  N.  Y.  I.  c.  Thelotrcma  enleroleum 
Schwein.  in  Hals.  I.  c.  Verrucaria  enteral euca.,  Spreng.  Syst.  4,  p.  24m 
Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c.    Icon,  Hals.  I.  c.  t.  1,  /.  1. 

Trunks.  North  America,  Swartz.  (ex  Ach.).  Pennsylvania,  MuM\ 
in  herb.  Willd. !  New  York,  Halsey.  New  England,  very  cnmmonj 
Probably  the  Lecanora  urceolata  of  Muhl.  Catal.,  but  the  above-citeJ 
specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  VVilldenow  is  without  name.  The  Li] 
chen  appears  to  me  an  aberrant  form  of  the  present  tribe.  Thelotre] 
ma  ?  atratum.  Fee  Crypt.  Exot.  t.  1!),  f.  4,  seems  to  be  distinguishel 
from  Thelotrcma  prcc'sely  as  the  present  genus  (passing  over  the  olliel 
essential  differences)  is,  by  its  black  proper  e.xciple,  but  the  structimj 
of  the  nucleus  in  the  former  plant  removes  it  from  ours. 

XXVIII.     VERRUCARIA,  Pers. 

Perithecia  hemispherical-globose,  solitary,  horny,  black,  closed  will 
a  simple  or  paiilhcform  ostiolc  ;  becoming  somftimes  at  length  siibscul 
telliforni,  or  rarely  inclosed  in  a  thallinc  verruca.  Nucleus  gelatinoiisj 
hyaline,  deliquescent.     Thalius  crustaceous. 

*     Saxicolce.     Crust  somewhat  tartareous. 

1.  Y.  rupes Iris,  Schra(\.    Crust  tartareous-compact,  contiguous,  wliii 
ish  ;  perithecia  (small)  entire,  globose,  somewhat  sunk,  umbonate  wil 
the  naked  ostiole,  at  length  collapsing  and  scutelliform ;  nucleus  liyal 
line.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  480.    Hook.  Br.  FL2,p.  152.    V.  Schrad(ri\ 
Ach.    Icon,  JB.  Bof.  /.  1711,/.  2. 

Hocks  and  stones  (limestone).     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


87 


y  over  the  olhel 

it  the  structiirj 


2.  V.  elmchroa,  Tuckerm.  Cr.  applanate,  rimose-areolate,  oliva- 
tcoLis ;  perith.  with  a  wide  base,  globose,  emerging  and  conical  at  the 
bpex,  becoming  at  length  depreased  and  umbilicate. 

Rocks  (limestone),  Ohio,  Mr.  Lea  !  Apparently  related  to  V.  eljci- 
na.Borr.  (E.  Bot.  Suppl.  t.  2623,  f.  2),  and  V.  olivacea,  Fr.  (Lichen- 
Ur.  p.  43S),  but  very  diflerent  from  V.  olivacea,  Pers.  (Borr.  1.  c.  t. 
p9G,  f.  1),  which  is  a  bark-Lichen. 

3.  V.  vigrescens,  Pers.  Cr.  somewhat  gelatinous-tartareous,  chinky, 
ruscous-nigrescent,  within  white;  perith.  entire,  globose,  covered  by  the 
trust  and  verrucose-prominent,  subpapiilate  ;  nucleus  whitish.  Fr.  Li- 
^kenogr.  p.  438. 

Rocks  and  stones  (limestone).  New  England.     New  York,  Halsey. 

4.  V.  umhrina,  Wahl.  Cr.  verrucose-granulate,  or  smoothish,  from 
tuscescent  at  length  dark-brown  ;  perith.  entire,  globose,  somewhat 
prominent  above  the  crust,  papillate.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  441. 

Rocks  and  stones  (granite),  near  water  ;  New  England.  We  have 
|oubtless  other  saxicoline  species,  but  they  occur  often  in  imperfect 
Itates,  and  ara  easily  overlooked.  I  have  an  alpine  Verrucaria,  with 
large  perithecia.  from  the  White  Mountains,  but  the  crust  is  deficient. 

**  Cor  ticolcB.     Crust  innate  in  the  matrix,  often  deficient. 

5.  V.  nitida,  Schrad.  Cr.  innate  in  the  matrix,  smooth,  greenish, 
ilivaceous,  or  fuscous  ;    perith.  entire,  covered,  becoming  at  length 

lomewhat  prominent,  persistent,  ostioles  subpapiilate ;  nucleus  fluxile. 
Ir.  Lichenogr.  p.  443.    Borr.  in  E.  Bot.  Suppl.  t.  2607,  /.  1. 

Trunks ;  the  hue  varying  with  the  different  epidermis  of  the  matrix ; 
^'e\v  England.  Pennsylvania,  Mulil.  V.  composita,  Schwein.  in  Hals. 
uk\\.  N.  Y.  1.  c.  p.  9,  has  apothecia  clustered,  forming  dark  spots,  but 

have  not  been  able  to  find  in  my  specimens,  which  agree  apparently 
vith  the  description,  any  constant  characters  to  separate  it  from  the 
present. 

6.  V.  alha,  Schrad.  Cr.  innate  in  the  matrix,  becoming  at  length 
Jenudate,  white  ;  perith.  subglobose,  entire,  denudate,  persistent,  im- 
nersed  at  the  base,  ostiole  papillate,  or  pertuse.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  444. 

•/?;  cartilagineous,  smoothish;  perith.  smaller.    Fr.  I.  c.    V.  glabra- 

|fl,  Ach. 

Trunks.     New  England.     Perithecia  prominent. 

7.  V.  gemmata,  Ach,     Cr.  innate  in  the  matrix,  effuse,  smoothish, 


■f- 


88 


LICHENES    OP    THE    NORTHERN    STATES. 


white-hoary  ;   perith.  hemispherical,  dimidiate   (not  immersed  at  \]t 
base),  persistent ;  nucleus  whitish.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  444. 
Trunks.     New  England.     New  York,  Halsey. 

8.  V.  epidermidis,  Fr.  Cr.  innate  in  the  matrix  or  obsolete  ;  peritJ 
dimidiate,  the  base  patent,  innate-superficial,  at  length  collapsing,  arJ 
together  with  the  nucleus,  applanate-depressed.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  id 
—  «  ;  perith.  larger,  orbiculate.  Fr.  I.  c.  V.  analepta,  Ach.  —  § ; 
rith.  larger,  elliptical.  Fr.  I.  c.  V.  Cerasi  c^  epidermidis,  Ach.- 
Y\  perith.  small,  punctiform  (with  the  habit  of  the  next  species).  h\ 
I.  c.     V.  stigmateila,  Ach.  part. 

Trunks,  mostly  on  smooth  bark  ;   New  England,  and  westwan 
New  York  («  and  /5),  Halsey.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

9.  V.  punctifor/nis,  Pers.  Cr.  innate  in  the  matrix  or  obsolete  ;  pJ 
rith.  innate-superficial,  semiglobose,  subdimidiate,  the  base  infle.xedl 
nucleus  globose.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  447.     F.  stigmateila,  Ach.  pari. 

Trunks  on  smooth  bark  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Torrey.  PemI 
sylvania,  MuHl.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

10.  V.  j9wZZa,  Ach.  Cr.  smoothish,  blackish-fuscous  ;  perith.  minulej 
hemispherical,  glabrous,  subpapillate,  blacK  within.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  8S,  j 

Bark  of  Dirca  palustris,  Ach.,  who  compares  it  with  V.  carpineJ 
which  is  referred  to  the  last  species  by  Fries. 


Tribe  IV.     LIMBORIACE^,  Fr. 


XXIX.     PYRENOTHEA,  Fr. 

Perithecia  round,  carbonaceous,  closed,  pertuse  at  length  with  a  siml 
pie  ostiole,  and  protruding  the  somewhat  gelatinous,  bursting  nucleusi 
finally  dehiscent,  explanate,  and  empty.     (A  disciferous  state  occurs! 
a  single  species.)     Thallus  crustaceous. 

P.  leucocephala,  Fr.    Crust  smooth,  glaucescent ;  perithecia  subglo 
bose,  naked,  black,  coronate  with  the  white,  persistent,  globuliforni  nuj 
cleus.     Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  450.  —  (3.  Lecidina,  Fr.  ;   crust  somewli 
leprous  ;  disk  dilated-scutelliform,  rigescent,  covered  for  the  most  paij 
with  a  dense  pale-yellowish-cinereous  bloom.    Fr.  I.  c.    Lccidca  ahu\ 
Una,  Ach. 

Trunks  (/5),  Arctic  America,  Rich. 


COLLEMACEiE. 


and  weslwan 


Filamentous,  or  foliaceous  gelatinous-conglutinate  plants  without  dis- 
crete layers.  Sporidia  included  in  asci,  and  immersed  in  a  thalamium, 
ivhich  is  contained  either  in  a  thalline  exciple  or  a  proper  exciple. 

Several  genera  are  included  here  formerly  referred  to  Lichenes,  but 
eparated  by  Fries,  and  with  other  genera  constituted  a  distinct  family, 
ntermediate  between  Lichenes  and  aquatic  Algte.  Collema  and  Lep- 
Dgium  may  be  said  to  have  the  thallus  of  Phycece  with  the  apothecia 
^  Lichenes,  and  Ephebe  is  considered  by  Fries  nearly  related  to  the 
pyssi . 

Synopsis. 

Tribe  I.      COLLEMEiE,  Fr.  —  Thallus  gelatinous-conglutinate, 

caulescent  or  foliaceous. 
.  Collema.     Apothecia  scuteiliform,  with  a  thalline  exciple. 
,  Leptogium.     Apothecia  scutelliform,  with  a  proper  exciple. 

Tribe  II.      EPHEBIDEiE.  —  Thallus  filamentous,  not  gelatinous. 
.  Ephebk.     Apothecia  scutelliform,  with  a  thalline  exciple. 


3  State  occurs  i 


Tribe  I.     COLLEME^,  Fr. 

I.    COLLEMA,  Hoffm. 

Apothecia  at  first  subglobose,  becoming  at  length  discoid-open  and 
htclliform,  with  a  thalline  exciple.  Thallus  corneous-gclatinous, 
bmewhat  pulpy,  of  a  moniliform-filamentous  texture,  variously  lobcd. 

*   Thallus  imbricate-plicate,  becoming  thick  and  turgid  when  wet. 

1.  C.  pidposum,  Ach.     Thallus  thick,  suborbicular,  very  compact, 

Jackish-green,  of  numerous,  somewhat  imbricate,  plicate,  rather  entire 

rcpand-crenate,  erectish  lobes,  those  of  the  circumference  larger, 

bmewhat  appressed  ;  apothecia  somewhat  crowded,  slightly  concave, 

pous,  with  an  elevated,  irregular  margin.   Ach.  Syn.  p.  311.    Schcer  ' 

12 


^ 


90 


COLLEMACE.B    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


'  f 


f ' 


V    ■« 


vania  ?  Muhl. 


Spicil.  2,  p.  538  {suh  Pannelia).  C.  crislaium,  Borr.  in  Hook.  J5r. fiPscattered,  sesi 
2,  p.  208.     Icon,  Wulf.  in  Jacq.  Coil  3,  p.  133,  t.  12,  /.  1. 

Upon  rocks,  among  mosses.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  I  have  not  ol). 
served  this  species  in  the  granite  region  of  New  England. 

2.  C.  pUcatile,  Ach.  Th.  thick,  orbicular,  black-green ;  lobes  ru' 
gose-plicate,  ascending,  laciniate  ;  apoth.  concave,  of  nearly  the  sarci 
color  with  the  thallus,  .vith  a  thick,  elevated  margin.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  3U 
Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  209.  Schcer.  Spicil  2,  p.  543  {sub  Parmdia]\ 
Exs.  Schleich.  !  Lich.  Hchu 

Rocks  (limestone,  Scha3r.),  New  York,  Russell !  I  have  scan  onlv; 
small  fragment,  but  it  appears  to  belong  to  this  rather  thrn  to  the  pr 
ceding  species. 

3.  C.  tenax,  Ach.     Th.  rather  thick,  suborbicular,  glaucous-green, 
of  somewhat  plane,  rounded,  cut,  or  crenate  lobes;  apoth.  scattered, s: 
first  urceolate,  becoming  rather  elevated,  concava,  rufescent,  with 
somewhat  entire   margin.     Ach.  Syn.  p.  314.  —  /?.  pallescens,  Ach 
th.  yellow-virescent,  pale  beneath,  the  lobes  irregular,  densely  comp!: 
cated,  irregularly  crenate,  ascending  ;  apoth.  submarginal.    Ach.  I.  c. 

Rocks  among  mosses,  Pennsylvania,  Muhl  !  New  York,  Spren^ 
The  cited  specimens  belong  probably  to  the  variety  /?  of  Acharius,  b. 
were  not  considered  to  differ  from  «  by  Floerke. 

4.  C.  fasciculare,  Ach.  Th.  suborbicular,  imbricate-plicate,  olivei 
green,  the  lobes  dilated  upward,  waved,  those  of  the  circumferenc; 
rounded,  cut-crenate  ;  apoth.  marginal,  at  length  elevated-subpedice 
late,  fasciculate,  the  disk  somewhat  convex,  rufous.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  31* 
Fr.!  Lich.  Suec.  50.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  1162. 

Trunks  and  rocks.  New  England.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl 

5.  C.  pusUdatum,  Ach.  Th.  substellate,  lacerate-laciniate,  the  Isj 
cinitc  expanded,  plane,  irregularly  crenate,  besprinkled  above  with  palf 
pustules  which  pass  at  length  into  apothecia  ;  disk  punctiform,  blacl 
Ach.  Syn.  p.  351.    Pannelia  leucoderma,  Willd.  herb,  7 

Upon  mosses.  North  America,  ^c/t.,who  says  it  is  a  minute  specie 
very  distinct  from  the  last.      Pennsylvania  (P.  leucoderma,  WilldK  H.  Ctuncef, 
Muhl  !  i'lgose,  blackisl; 

6.  C.  granulatum,  Hook.  Th.  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  comB^Si  deeply  cut 
gated,  granulated  on  both  sides,  imbricate-complicate,  blackish-olive«P  '  scattered 
the  lobes  somewhat  rounded,  waved  and  crisped,  rather  entire  ;  apotkp  "^  '*  ^^-  P-  ^'* 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


91 


jscattered,  sessile,  blackish-fuscous,  margin  entire.  Hook.  Br.  FJ.  p.  2, 
an.  Lichen  gramilatus,  Huds.  {e  Hook.).  Collcma  furvum,  Ach. 
(Exs.  Schcsr.  !  Lick.  Heh.  413,  414.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  1757. 

Stones  and  trunks.  New  England.  New  York,  Hahey.  Pennsyl- 
vania  }  Muhl. 

P*   Thallus  thin,  foliaceous,  gelatinous-membranaccous,  lobcd  princi- 
pally at  the  circumference. 

7.  C.  melcEnum,  Ach.  Th.  foliaceous,  somewhat  stellate,  blackish- 
green,  the  lobes  elongated,  radiant,  multifid,  with  elevated,  waved  and 
crisped,  crenate  margins  ;  apoth.  submarginal,  somewhat  plane,  at  length 
riifcscent,  with  a  subgrauulate  margin.  Ach.  !  Syn.  p.  315.  —  8.  jaco- 
hi  folium,  Ach. ;  lacinia)  narrow,  strict,  lacerate-pinnatifid  ;  apoth.  mar- 
ginal, with  an  entire  margin.    Ach.  I.  c.   Exs.  Schccr.  !  Lich.  Helv.  422. 

Rocks  among  mosses  and  trunks.     New  England. 

8.  C.  palmatum,  Ach.     Th.  ca;spitose-pulvinate,  brownish-green,  of 
|rowded,  erectish,  palmate-divided,  somewhat  linear  and  terete  laciniro  ; 

poth.  rufoiis-fuscous.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  319. 
On  the  earth,  and  trunks.     Pennsylvania,  Ahihl. 

9.  C.  nigrescens,  Ach.  Th.  somewhat  monophyllous,  membrana- 
jieous,  expanded,  round-lobed,  rugose-plicate,  olivacoous-nigrescent ; 
lostate-lacunose  beneath  ;  apoth.  (minute)  central,  crowded,  at  length' 
fconvex,  rufous-fuscous,  with  a  very  entire  margin.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  321. 
^ook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  211.    Exs.  Schccr.  !  Lich.  Helv.  410. 

Rocks  and  trunks.  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey.  Pennsyl- 
hnif,  Muhl. 

C.Jlaccidim,  Ach.     Th.  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  smooth, 
laccid,  blackish-green  ;  lobes  somewhat  ascending,  rounded,  rather  en- 
^  undulate-plicate ;  apoth.  scattered  (small),  somewhat  plane,  rufous. 
ch.  Syn.  p.  322.   Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  211.   Exs.  Schctr.  !  Lich.  Heh 
12. 

Rocks  and  trunks.     New  England. 

11.  C.  tuncBforme,  Ach.  Th.  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  somewhat 
"igose,  blackish-green,  besprinkled  with  fuliginous  powder;  lobes  ob- 
ong,  deeply  cut,  sinuate-laciniato,  obtuse,  flexuous,  crisped,  subcrcnatc  ; 
ipoth.  scattered,  somewhat  plane,  fuscous,  with  a  very  entire  margin' 
yi.  Syn.  p.  322. 


■♦. 


I 


92 


COLLEMACEiE    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


I     < 


K. 


-f 


.«*^ 


•^ 


Rocks  (especially  limestone,  Ach.).  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  in  herkl 
Willd. !  The  specimen  appeared  to  me  to  agree  with  an  original  onef 
from  Acharius.  Schacrer  refers  the  species  to  C.  flaccidum.  It  i]| 
said  to  occur  in  Massachusetts. 

^2.  C.  pulchellum,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  orbicular,  plane,! 
somewhat  laciniate,  round-lobed  at  the  circumference,  plicate-papulosel 
and  dark-g;cen  above,  beneath  paler  and  deeply  lacunose  ;  apolkf 
crowded,  elevated,  the  disk  urceolate,  pale,  the  margin  thin,  coarctateJ 
very  entire,  at  length  somewhat  rugulose.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  321. 

Trunks  and  rocks,  New  England.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl. !  OhioJ 
7)/jf.  Lea  ! 

13.  C.  saturninnm,  Ach.      Th.  rosulate,   blackish-green,   glaucouii 
and  subtomentose  beneath,  the  lobes  broad,  oblong,  rounded,  waveAl 
very  entire  ;  apoth.  scattered,  somewhat  plane,  rufous,  with  a  thin,  en] 
tire  margin.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  S20.  Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  211.    Exs.  Schar."^ 
Helv.  423. 

Trunks  and  stones.  Kew  England.  Arctic  America,  ilic/t.  Ihavjl 
omitted  several  species  of  this  genus,  which  require  more  observation 

II.    LEPTOGIUM,    f  r. 

ApotVecia  rounded,  becoming  discoid-open  and  scutelliform,  seme 
what  pedicellate,  with  a  proper  exciple.  Thallus  gelatinous-membra' 
naceous,  subdiaphanous,  texture  cellulose. 

1.  L.  Tremelloides,  Ft.     Thallus  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  ven 
thin  and  somewhat  diaphanous,  smooth  on  both  sides,  or  powdery  abovtj 
lead-colored ;  lobes  oblong,  rounded,  very  entire  ;  apothecia  scattere; 
elevated,  plane,  rufous-fuscous,  with  a  paler  margin.    Fr.  Fl.  Scan.m 
293.    Collema,  Ach.    Hook.  Br.  Fl  2,  p.  213. 

Rocks  and  trunks,  New  England.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvil 
nia,  Muhl. 

2.  L.  lacemm^  Fr.  Th.  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  very  thin  ani 
somewha*  diaphanous,  glaucous-fuscescent,  the  lobes  small,  subimbrj 
cate,  lacerate-laciniate,  denticulate-ciliate  ;  apoth.  (small)  scattered 
subsessile,  somewhat  concave,  rufous,  with  a  paler  margin.  Fr. ! . 
Scan.  p.  293.     CoUema,  Ach.    Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  213. 

On  the  earth,  and  rocks,  among  mosses.  New  England.  Ne^ 
York,  Halspy.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 


A:;d    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


93 


Muhl.  in  herb, 

an  original  one 

accidum.     It ,. 

rbicular,   plare.S 
plicate-papulost 
cunose  ;   apotl' 

thin,  coarctatf 
5.  321. 

Muhl !    Ohio, 


3.  L.  Burgessii,  Fr.     Th.  membranaceous,  subimbricate,  glaucous- 

jfuscescent,  somewhat  spongy  and  downy  beneath,  the  iobes  rounded, 

sinuate-laciniate,  crisped  and  minutely  lacerate-dentate  at  the  margins  ; 

apoth.  depressed ;  disii  somewhat  concave,  fuscous,  with  an  elevated, 

pacerate-dentate  or  foliose  margin.    CoUema,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  320.    Hook.  ! 

\Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  211.     Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  300. 

Trunks.     Mountains  of  New  England. 


Tribe  II.     EPHEBIDE.E. 


;reen,  glaucoc: 
•ounded,  wavec 
with  a  thin,  et 
.    Exs.  Sch(zr. 

i,  Rich.  I  hav; 
ore  observatioB 


itelliform,  seme 
itinous-membra'i 


iranaceous,  ven 
powdery  above: 
thecia  scattered: 
Fr.  Fl.  Scan.}: 

ey.    Pennsylvs^ 


III.    EPHEBE,  Fr. 

Apothecia  formed  from  the  thallus,  from  concave  becoming  plane, 
land  at  length  convex,  black,  the  margin  evanescent.  Thallus  filamen' 
[tous,  not  gelatinous. 

E.puhescens,  Fr.      Thallus  decumbent,  softish,  terete,  black,  the 

Ibranches  entangled,  capillaceous ;  apothecia  of  the  same  color.'  Fr. 

p.  Scan.  p.  294.     Cornicularia,  Ach.  —  8.  fbriUosa,  Ach.;  thallus 

obscurely  fuscous,  smoothish,  very  delicate,  branched,  somewhat  hir- 

bte  with  numerous,  flexuous,  branched,  subclavate  fibres.    Cornicula- 

^ria  puhescens,  var.  fibrillosa,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  302. 

Rocks  and  stones;  —  «,  in  alpine  districts.   Greenland,  Dill    White 
iMoimtains.  —  /?,  North  America,  Ach. 


!,  very  thin  acf 
small,  subimki 
mall)  scattereii| 
irgin.  Fr. ! . 
3. 
England.    Ne^ 


